承蒙朋友們錯愛,我在把筆記本上的語法總結錄成文本。但是在很難寫,因為我是記錄在每一天的復習日誌�的,匯總起來好像不太容易。我早上起來試著寫了一些。大家看看行不行。我的總結參考了黃金規則,珠江老師的筆記,og解釋,大全注釋等,我復習時只是摘抄和總結,所以我沒什麼貢獻的。(再次感謝珠江老師!!)
我的一些語法總結:
一. 所謂的原則:
1. 定語從句儘量省略原則:which be/that be+形容詞/過去分詞,which be/that be應儘量省略。
2. whose/which/that就近指代原則。
3. There be/enough/instead of(相對於rather than)/due to/because of(相對於because)/despite/if(相對於whether)/maybe出現錯原則。
4. 表‘命令/建議/要求’的實意動詞+that後面省略should原則(這些實意動詞已包含了should的意思,所以省略should)
5. 狀語從句儘量省略主語+be動詞原則。(注意邏輯主語一致)狀語從句引導次後接adj/done/doing正確,接n/prep短語錯。
6. 賓語從句that保留原則。注意平行結構中‘三個that’的平行。
7. 強語氣詞(only, only if,情態動詞,however/whatever/whenever/wherever)不改變原則。
8. Have+動作性名次錯原則。改為do或者be adv done。
9. Be to do表將來時錯原則
10.Having/being出現錯原則。(having的特例,credit後面用having;being的特例,the chance of being/the distinction of being)。
11.Consider +n1+ n2/adj出現正確原則。
12.Compare/base用被動原則。
13.Similar to/differ from不位於句首原則
14.Continue不用進行時原則。
15.if/when/because三種關係強加/丟失錯原則。
二.平行結構
1. 引起平行的結構:
a. and, or, but, yet
b. not only A, but also B/not A, but B/
c. rather than
d. can do, do, and do/to do, do, and do/that A, that B, and that C
e. 比較結構
2. 平行的原則:形勢對稱,概念對等,功能相同。
a. 單複數的一致。
b. 時態的一致
c. 主被動的一致
d. 主謂賓順序的一致
e. 介詞結構的一致
二. 比較結構
1. 引起比較的結構
a. like/unlike:be like/be unlike/do like對,do unlike錯。Like/unlike+句子或介詞短語錯。
b.as後接句子及其省略形式(省略不引起歧義的主語)
c.as…as
d.比較級+than
e. compare to/with
f. the more, the more的結構
2. 比較的原則
a. 數的一致
b.概念對等(常考人名與所有格等邏輯意思上不可比的兩個概念)
c.比較時必須將自己排除在外:any+n改為and other+n
d.倍數表達法twice as many as/twice the n/twice what/sth double(出現即正確)/sth be doubled(被動不好)
e. than 後面儘量補足助動詞(因為介詞也可省略,若不補足助動詞,或引起歧義)
f. 狀語與非狀語不具可比性。
g.A至少等於B的表達:at least as more as/as more as, if not more so/as more as, or more than.as more as, and even more than(兩個as必須全,有more必有than)
三. 主謂一致
1. 解題思想:分析句子結構,找出主謂賓,主句的主謂一致,從句的主謂一致分開考慮。拋棄所有修飾成分思考。
2. 需要注意的結構:
a. one of 名詞複數 +that+ 謂語複數/the one of 名詞複數+that 謂語單數
b.n1 of n2 that 謂語的單複數由that修飾的物件決定
c.倒裝結構,由謂語後的名詞形成分分析謂語單複數。
d.複合主語:數主語有幾個a, the, that,大於二則謂語用複數。
e. each作代詞:each of n+謂語單數。Each作副詞:名詞複數+each+謂語複數。
f. 物質名詞和學科名詞後接謂語單數
g.百分比結構 1 percent 0f 名詞,由名詞的單複數決定謂語的單複數
h.a body of/an array of/a series of/a collection of/ a set of /the number of +n/ns +謂語單數
i. a number of/numbers of 名詞複數+謂語複數
j. one in/out of 名詞複數+謂語單數
k.two out/in of 名詞複數+謂語複數
四。句子的時態
1。關於時態的一些原則
a.時態儘量簡單(一般過去,一般現在,一般將來,一般進行,複雜的時態如:過去將來完成時等都算錯。having/being錯誤標誌,但有特例。credit+having,the chance of being, the distinction of being.而且這些特例出現就選)
b.不能毫無根據改變句子時態。
c.主從舉時態關係:主將從將錯,主過完從過完錯,主現完從現完對,主將從現對,主過從過完對(新東方朱江老師的口訣)
2。時態的判斷
a.since(完成時),originally(過去時),generally,the most common(現在時),表持續時間的時間狀語(完成時)
b。表真理及普遍規律用現在是。(根據經驗,這一點只有一種情況:sb said後接一般現在時。)
五.獨立主格結構
1。標準形式:
a.svo, n +doing/done/adj/prep/n(ets的preference,因為的確簡潔)
b.svo,with/without + n +doing/done/adj/prep/n
(不得不談的with,作為正確選項概率很小,因為會有修飾歧義,不只是修飾最近的名詞性成份還是主句主語,很多有爭議的GWD都是從這�來的。個人意見:多半是錯的,別對with有好感)
c.svo, each+doing/done/adj/prep/n(ets的preference)
六.虛擬語氣
1.可能引起虛擬的結構:a.表命令/建議/要求(demand/suggest/advvise/mandate/order/propose/advocate.recommend/decree),且should必須省略。
b.it is important that (這個結構可以虛擬,og上有例子)
2.不得不說的幾個問題:a.考察虛擬語氣,可以直接找be,因為是動詞原型。一般都這麼出。因為be動詞的圓形與其他形式區別最大。
b.require of sb that/require sb to do/it is required of sb to do sth(require唯一的三種正確形式)
c.suggest可以後接doing,這個時候要注意平行問題,而不再是考察虛擬。
d.demand sb to do sth是錯誤表達。og 上cocacola那道題是最好的例證。
e.順便提一下‘禁止’:gmat�只有兩種表達:prohibit sb from doing/ forbid sb to do 不能互換。
七.邏輯主語
1.這個考點只需要注意一個問題,什麼時候去思考是否有邏輯主語的問題?
標誌性結構:a.doing, svo.
b.prep +doing/done, svo
c.adj, svo
d, conjunction +doing/done, svo.
e,doing/done放在主從句之間,一定錯!(主義是主從句,不是主謂之間。這個考點一定會被拍磚,非常歡迎大家拍,好好拍,一定要弄清楚那道一年了沒有結論的題)邏輯主語是最重要亦是最有效的考點,一定要注意!
八.代詞
1.代詞遵循規則:
a.that只能指代單數名詞
b.指代唯一:同一句話�,所有的that都指代統一物件,所有的it也是。
(tip,若前句用的是所有格形式,後句的代詞若想指代前句的所有者,是絕對錯的)
c.主句在前從句在後,只有從句可以用代詞。從句在前主句在後,誰用代詞都可以。
d.任何代詞不能指代句子,改為so.(高頻考點!)
e.this/that/those/these不能單獨作主語。
f.such as +代詞是錯誤的。
2。錯誤代詞的修改:a。用一個名詞指代 (正確選項標誌)
b.改為現在分詞的伴隨狀態。
3。關於就近指代
1. which在從句中的作用。a.prep+which 後接完整句。b.which後接不完整句,which在從句中要做成分。c.百分比結構,如10% of which整個作名詞性結構。
2. 2。which的指代。這一點太煩了。首先,比較傳統的理解是這樣的結構(介詞為of):1.A of B which. 2. A of B, which(區別在於有無comma),前者只能就近指代,(誠然,由題目違反了這一點);後者可以越前指代,但也不一定越前指代。其次,如果介詞不是of,能越前指代嗎?其實,很多的語法爭端都是從這�開始的,也很難平息。但是,有幾點是可以肯定地,1.A of B which顯然是不好的結構,應該改為that(可以用word試試,office認為這是語法錯誤).2.就近指代是主流。因為從閱讀的角度來講,越前指代會造成理解的困難,而og是最不喜歡任何造成理解困難的用法的。3.邏輯意思決定which後的謂語單複數。所以,把which可能引起的指代作為相對錯也許比較合理。(當然,我現在腦海�都浮現出很多範例了。比如a group of birds that……那道題。)對了對了,還要注意 body of/an array of/a series of/a collection of/ a set of /the number of +n/ns +謂語單數這些特殊用法。
九.關於redundancy的總結
1. amount to a sum
2. annual and a year
3. after when
4. substitute and in place of
5. once in every [number] [time]
6. both A as well as B
7. regain and again
8. soar and rise and increase
9. increase/decrease and up to/down to
10. opposition and against
11. be able to/ability and afford
12. can and capability
13. now and currently
14. can and potentially(can, potentially,…is right)
15. consequence and result
16. may and likely
17. that of his own
18. return back
19. although and may
20. use as and borrow against
21. also and like/as
22. share the same
23. withhold disclosure
24. no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比較的情況下赤裸裸的出現在名次前)
25. pay and payment
26. reason and because
十.關於Set Phrase的總結
1. be believed to be
2. be estimated to be
3. distinguish between A and B/ distinguish A from B
4. rates for(when ‘rates’ means prices charge)
5. the cost to sb of doing sth; cost sb sth in sth
6. attribute A to B; B is attributed to A
7. in the coming moth
8. admit that SVO/admit to sth
9. introduce into
10. in an attempt to
11. known to do sth/known to be sth/known as sth;/known for sth
12. the extent to which
13. be necessary to do/the necessity of doing/sth
14. consider n1 n2
15. in danger of
16. cite A as an instance of B; for instance
17. all things adj/all the adj things
18. credit[v] sb with having done/the credit[n] to sb for having done
19. substitute A for B
20. be expected to
21. both A and B
22. demand that s v o; [‘demand s to do’ is wrong.]
23. mistake A for B.
24. all of which [can not be ‘of which all’]
25. at a time when/ the year that/the period when/ an age in which
26. A is the reason why
27. threaten to do
28. allow sth to be done/sb to do sth
29. be responsible to sb/for doing sth/sth
30. forbid sth/doing sth; prohibit sb from doing sth
31. depict sth as sth/ as if SVO
32. contribute to sth/doing sth
33. the use of sth to do sth
34. the same as/that[用as與用that意思不同]
35. be capable of doing sth/the capability of doing sth/be able to do sth/the ability to do sth/the possibility of doning
36. [be capable of being done/be able/unable to be done] are wrong!!
37. effort to do sth
38. think of A as B
39. ‘,’ +who; prep+whom
40. supply for sth
41. it is hoped that
42. just as SVO, so SVO
43. the rivalry between A and B; rival A and B;A rival B for sth.
44. help to do/help do; be helpful in doing
45. sth prove adj
46. the necessity of sth
47. break with sb in sth
48. dispute over sth
49. on comparison of A with B
50. on condition that +subjunctive mood or past tense
51. be native to
52. in contrast with/to
53. with the intention of doing
54. the importance of sth/doing sth
55. plan to do/on doing
56. whatever sth(v is unnecessary and can be omit)
57. the proposal to do/propose to do
58. allocate sth to sb/sth for sth/sth sth.
59. aid in doing sth/with the aid of sb/in aid of sth/aid to do
60. use sth as/to do sth
61. at speed
62. date back to/date from sth/ the date of
63. connection between A and B
64. the consequence of
65. if only because[這�only不是強語氣詞]
66. increase between A and B; increase of A to B
67. A and B alike
68. suggest A as B
69. distinction of being doing
70. aim at/to do
71. go unnoticed
72. a method of doing sth/to do
73. the chance of doing
74. said that +V[用一般現在是哦]
75. damage to sth/damage sth
76. at a disvantage
77. be/have/give grounds for
78. does more than do
79. alliance and treaties[必須一起出現]
80. even as = just as
81. have difficult in
82. restitution for
83. reversion to sth
84. carry on as [position]
85. take sb sth to do sth
86. target at
87. share sth with sb
88. that is[表示那就是說,不能用which means]
89. make do without
90. A is to B what C is to D
91. the reason [why](可省略,雖然og說不能但她自己都省過)SVO
92. it is important that A be[subjunctive mood] B
93. on surface; at pole/line
94. each…the other…
95. be intended on/up (doing) sth
96. impact on/upon
97. diminish[不能用impede] the possibility of doing sth
98. call sth to consider
99. recoup sth/recoup sb for sth
100. A be done that
101. looking to sb to do sth
102. make up for
103. At the invitation of sb[在某人的邀請之下]
104. skill in/at doing sth
105. namely that SVO
106. One A for every Bs
107. SVO at once[at once的位置]
108. S V1 O1, then V2 O2
109. reversion to + n
終於大體上寫完了,還有很多細節。我會不斷增補。畢竟翻88天的日誌真得滿苦悶的。希望大家按照這樣的結構能很好地總結出自己的一套應對sc的方案。我算是拋磚吧。一定會有不嚴謹的地方,還望各位前輩多批評指正。