OG48-23(Astronomy)(contrast A & B)

[agk99]

Passage 23(astronomy)(七錯四題)(Contrast A and B)

New observations about the age of some globular(球體) clusters in our Milky Way galaxy have cast doubt on a long-held theory about how the galaxy was formed.(觀察發現早就懷疑銀河組成方式) The Milky Way contains about 125 globular clusters (compact groups of anywhere from several tens of thousands to perhaps a million stars) distributed in a roughly spherical(球面的) halo(光環) around the galactic(銀河系的) nucleus(核心). The stars in these clusters are believed to have been born during the formation of the galaxy, and so may be considered relics(遺跡) of the original galactic nebula(星雲), holding vital clues to the way of the formation took place.
第一段：觀察家早就發現星河的組成方式，懷疑應該是在銀行誕生同時發生的，所以年齡都一樣

The conventional theory of the formation of the galaxy contends that roughly 12 to 13 billion years ago the Milky Way formed over a relatively short time (about 200 million years) when a spherical cloud of gas collapsed under the pressure of its own gravity into a disc surrounded by a halo. Such a rapid formation of the galaxy would mean that all stars in the halo should be very nearly the same age.
第二段：講的是傳統認為銀河是大爆炸產生的，大家的年齡一致

However, the astronomer Michael Bolte has found considerable variation in the ages of globular clusters(發現大夥年紀並不同). One of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy, while another is 2 billion years younger. A colleague of Bolte contends that the cluster called Palomar 12 is 5 billion years younger than most other globular clusters.
第三段，強調年齡不同，星球們出現的前後時間不同

To explain the age differences among the globular clusters, astronomers are taking a second look at “renegade”(不同的，違背傳統的，但這應該不是負面字) theories. One such newly fashionable theory, first put forward by Richard Larson in the early 1970’s, argues that the halo of the Milky Way formed over a period of a billion or more years as hundreds of small gas clouds drifted about(飄動), collided(撞擊), lost orbital energy, and finally collapsed into a centrally condensed elliptical(橢圓的) system. Larson’s conception of a “lumpy(多塊的) and turbulent(混亂的)” proto最初的 galaxy is complemented(結合) by computer modeling done in the 1970’s by mathematician Alan Toomre, which suggests that closely interacting spiral galaxies could lose enough orbital energy to merge into a single galaxy.因為橢圓形，尚失軌道力，所以整合成一個銀河，數學家贊成Larson的看法


137. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
(A) the importance of determining the age of globular clusters in assessing when the Milky Way galaxy was formed
(B) recent changes in the procedure used by astronomers to study the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
(C) current disputes among astronomers regarding the size and form of the Milky Way galaxy
(D) the effect of new discoveries regarding globular clusters on theories about the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
(E) the origin, nature, and significance of groups of stars known as globular clusters

*138. According to the passage, one way in which Larson’s theory and the conventional theory of the formation of the Milky Way galaxy differs is in their assessment of the
(A) amount of time it took to form the galaxy
(B) size of the galaxy immediately after its formation
(C) particular gas involved in the formation of the galaxy
(D) importnce of the age of globular clusters in determining how the galaxy was formed
(E) shape of the halo that formed around the galaxy
答案給A，看第二段，是講時間的多寡，傳統時間一致，Larson的看法則是不一樣

*139. Which of the following, if true, would be most useful in supporting the conclusions drawn from recent observations about globular clusters?
(A) There is firm evidence that the absolute age of the Milky Way galaxy is between 10 and 17 billion years.
(B) A survey reveals that a galaxy close to the Milky Way galaxy contains globular clusters of ages close to the age of Palomar 12.
(C) A mathematical model proves that small gas clouds move in regular patterns.
(D) Space probes indicate that the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are composed of several different types of gas.
(E) A study of over 1,500 individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy indicates wide discrepancies in there ages.
答案給E，講新舊contrast，找一個新舊理論敘述星星年紀的比較

*140. If Bolte and his colleague are both correct, it can be inferred that the globular cluster Paloma 12 is approximately，(腦筋急轉彎)
(A) 5 billion years younger than any other cluster in the galaxy
(B) the same age as most other clusters in the galaxy
(C) 7 billion years younger than another cluster in the galaxy
(D) 12 billion years younger than most other clusters in the galaxy
(E) 2 billion years younger than most other clusters in the galaxy
答案給C，本題是考數學，Bolte是正負20億年，同事是-50億年，所以是70-140億年

141. The passage suggests that Toomre’s work complements Larson’s theory because it
(A) specifies more precisely the time frame proposed by Larson
(B) subtly alters Larson’s theory to make it more plausible
(C) supplements Larson’s hypothesis with direct astronomical observations
(D) provides theoretical support for the ideas suggested by Larson
(E) expands Larson’s theory to make it more widely applicable

142. Which of the following most accurately state a finding of Bolte’s research, as described in the passage?
(A) The globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy are 2 billion years older than predicted by the conventional theory.
(B) The ages of at least some globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy differ by at leat 4 billion years.
(C) One of the globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy is 5 billion years younger than most others.
(D) The globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy are significantly older than the individual stars in the halo.
(E) Most globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy are between 11 and 15 billion years old.

*143. The author of the passage puts the word “renegade” (line 29) in quotation marks most probably in order to(難題，考態度轉變)(A) emphasize the lack of support for the theories in question
(B) contrast the controversial quality of the theories in question with the respectable character of their formulators
(C) generate skepticism about the theories in question
(D) ridicule the scientists who once doubted the theories in question
(E) indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed
答案給E, Larson的看法，不再被視為違背傳統，(以前被視為違背傳統，但有證據支持沒問題)

[訪客]

Passage 23
New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky Way galaxy have cast doubt on a long-held theory about how the galaxy was formed. The Milky Way contains about 125 globular clusters (compact groups of anywhere from several tens of thousands to perhaps a million stars) distributed(分佈) in a roughly spherical halo around the galactic nucleus. The stars in these clusters are believed to(infer這段講的是舊的理論) have been born during the formation of the galaxy, and so may be considered(infer這段講的是舊的理論) relics(遺跡) of the original galactic nebula(星雲), (the stars)holding vital clues to the way of the formation took place.
總結:有新的發現對舊的理論age of some globular clusters產生懷疑,接下來就講一些就有理論的觀點

作者態度用詞 Long –held theory, cast doubt on, are believe to, may be consider, have been born, vital
Choice of word distributed, roughly, clue, original
對比 New observation V.S. long-held theory
因果 so may be considered(infer這段講的是舊的理論) relics(遺跡) of the original galactic nebula
假設 Long-held theory
The stars in these clusters are believed to(infer這段講的是舊的理論) have been born during the formation of the galaxy, and so may be considered(infer這段講的是舊的理論) relics(遺跡) of the original galactic nebula(星雲), (the stars)holding vital clues to the way of the formation took place.
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Indentify the argument
Attitude
1. critical
2. questioning
3. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
4. enthusiastic
5. approval\disapproval Critical/disapproval(cast doubt on)

The conventional theory of the formation of the galaxy contends(爭論,negative) that roughly 12 to 13 billion years ago the Milky Way formed over a relatively(有做比較的味道) short time (about 200 million years) when a spherical cloud of gas collapsed under the pressure of its own gravity into a disc surrounded by a halo. Such a rapid formation(the Milky Way) of the galaxy would mean that all stars in the halo should be very nearly the same age.

作者態度用詞 Contend, relatively, such, would, should, very, nearly
Choice of word Contend, relatively, shuch
對比 relatively(有做比較的味道) short time
因果
假設 The conventional theory:
Such a rapid formation(the Milky Way) of the galaxy would mean that all stars in the halo should be very nearly the same age.

文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Explain conventional theory
Attitude
6. critical
7. questioning
8. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
9. enthusiastic
10. approval\disapproval Critical(contend)


However, the astronomer Michael Bolte has found considerable variation in the ages of globular clusters. One of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy, while another(指的也是bolte研究範圍) is 2 billion years younger. A colleague(同事) of Bolte contends that the cluster called Palomar 12 is 5 billion years younger than most other globular clusters.
總結:說明Bolte和其同事的發現,星雲等的形成時間不一樣,直接反駁了傳統理論
作者態度用詞 Considerable variation, older, younger
Choice of word
對比 One of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy, while another(指的也是bolte研究範圍) is 2 billion years younger.
因果
假設
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Explain the considerable variation and refute the convention theory
Attitude
11. critical
12. questioning
13. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
14. enthusiastic
15. approval\disapproval neutrality


To explain the age differences among the globular clusters, astronomers are taking a second look(重新檢視) at “renegade(positive) ” theories(指的是第三段的發現). One such newly fashionable theory, first put forward by Richard Larson in the early 1970’s, argues that the halo of the Milky Way formed over a period of a billion or more years as(=when) hundreds of small gas clouds drifted(飄散) about, collided(撞擊), lost orbital energy, and finally collapsed into a centrally condensed(濃縮) elliptical(橢圓型) system. Larson’s conception of a “lumpy and turbulent”(as後面的說簡短說明) protogalaxy is complemented(補充) by computer modeling done in the 1970’s by mathematician Alan Toomre, which suggests that closely interacting(上一句話as後面那些話可證明她們是互動的) spiral(螺旋) galaxies could lose enough orbital energy to merge into a single galaxy.

總結:第三段的延伸,有兩位學者更加的證明星雲的age是不一樣的
作者態度用詞 Take a second look, renegade, newly fashionable, argue, lumpy and turbulent, interacting
Choice of word Renegade, argue, collide, collapse, merge, lost, lumpy an turbulent, complement
對比
因果 Computer mode=>lose enough orbital energy=>merge into a single galaxy=>form the different age=>refute the convention theory
假設
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Explain the cause and refute the convention theory
Attitude
16. critical
17. questioning
18. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
19. enthusiastic
20. approval\disapproval approval



137. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
(A) the importance of determining the age of globular clusters in assessing when the Milky Way galaxy was formed
(B) recent changes in the procedure used by astronomers to study the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
(C) current disputes among astronomers regarding the size and form of the Milky Way galaxy
(D) the effect of new discoveries regarding globular clusters on theories about the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
(E) the origin, nature, and significance of groups of stars known as globular clusters

138. According to the passage, one way in which Larson’s theory and the conventional theory of the formation of the Milky Way galaxy differs is in their assessment of the
(A) amount of time it took to form the galaxy
(B) size of the galaxy immediately after its formation
(C) particular gas involved in the formation of the galaxy
(D) importnce of the age of globular clusters in determining how the galaxy was formed
(E) shape of the halo that formed around the galaxy

139. Which of the following, if true, would be most useful in supporting the conclusions drawn from recent observations about globular clusters?
(A) There is firm evidence that the absolute age of the Milky Way galaxy is between 10 and 17 billion years.
(B) A survey reveals that a galaxy close to the Milky Way galaxy contains globular clusters of ages close to the age of Palomar 12.=>conventional theory
(C) A mathematical model proves that small gas clouds move in regular patterns.(irrelevent)
(D) Space probes(詳察) indicate that the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are composed of several different types of gas.
(E) A study of over 1,500 individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy indicates wide discrepancies in there ages.

140. If Bolte and his colleague are both correct, it can be inferred that the globular cluster Paloma 12 is approximately=>他的colleage以Bolte 的another 作為基數做比較
(A) 5 billion years younger than any other cluster in the galaxy
(B) the same age as most other clusters in the galaxy
(C) 7 billion years younger than another cluster in the galaxy
(D) 12 billion years younger than most other clusters in the galaxy
(E) 2 billion years younger than most other clusters in the galaxy
=>他的colleage以Bolte 的another 作為基數做比較

141. The passage suggests that Toomre’s work complements Larson’s theory because it
(A) specifies more precisely the time frame proposed by Larson
(B) subtly alters Larson’s theory to make it more plausible
(C) supplements(=complement) Larson’s hypothesis with direct astronomical observations
(D) provides theoretical support for the ideas suggested by Larson
(E) expands Larson’s theory to make it more widely applicable

142. Which of the following most accurately state a finding of Bolte’s research, as described in the passage?
(A) The globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy are 2 billion years older than predicted by the conventional theory.
(B) The ages of at least some globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy differ by at leat 4 billion years.
(C) One of the globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy is 5 billion years younger than most others.=>collegue
(D) The globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy are significantly older than the individual stars in the halo.
(E) Most globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy are between 11 and 15 billion years old.

143. The author of the passage puts the word “renegade” (line 29) in quotation marks most probably in order to
(A) emphasize the lack of support(有足夠的反對conventional理論的論劇) for the theories in question
(B) contrast the controversial quality of the theories in question with the respectable character of their formulators
(C) generate skepticism about the theories in question
(D) ridicule the scientists who once doubted the theories in question
(E) indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed

作者態度用詞 143
Choice of word
對比 138
因果 139,141
假設 140,142
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea 137
Attitude
21. critical
22. questioning
23. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
24. enthusiastic
25. approval\disapproval

[marchmarch]

139. Which of the following, if true, would be most useful in supporting the conclusions drawn from recent observations about globular clusters?
(A) There is firm evidence that the absolute age of the Milky Way galaxy is between 10 and 17 billion years.
(B) A survey reveals that a galaxy close to the Milky Way galaxy contains globular clusters of ages close to the age of Palomar 12.=>conventional theory
(C) A mathematical model proves that small gas clouds move in regular patterns.(irrelevent)
(D) Space probes(詳察) indicate that the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are composed of several different types of gas.
(E) A study of over 1,500 individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy indicates wide discrepancies in there ages.

文章中那裡可以知道over 1,500 individual stars?






*140. If Bolte and his colleague are both correct, it can be inferred that the globular cluster Paloma 12 is approximately，(腦筋急轉彎)
(A) 5 billion years younger than any other cluster in the galaxy
(B) the same age as most other clusters in the galaxy
(C) 7 billion years younger than another cluster in the galaxy
(D) 12 billion years younger than most other clusters in the galaxy
(E) 2 billion years younger than most other clusters in the galaxy
答案給C，本題是考數學，Bolte是正負20億年，同事是-50億年，所以是70-140億年

還是不懂？應該是不了解『One of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy, while another is 2 billion years younger.』的意思.... :'(

[pcl12]

這倒不是從文章出來的例子,這應該是另外取來可以用來support the recent(new) observations 而weaken the conventional theory, which suggest that "all stars in the halo should be very nearly the same age"。
至於1,500 這數字應該只是用來和 conventional 的 all 相對應。表示在觀察到的大量的星中有wide discrepancies in their ages(大樣本觀察到的結果中有wide discrepancies in their ages 有說服力)
而第二個問題是說B觀察的星中有兩顆星:
一顆是 2 billion older than most other clusters;
另一顆是 2 billion younger than most other clusters。另外,同事發現的p12則是5 billion younger than most other clusters.
我也不懂上面mike 說的:B的colleage以Bolte 的another 作為基數做比較
我覺得這3顆星的比較基準是most other clusters。
而 p12 和B的那兩顆星相比較,應該是
7 years younger(和 2 billion older 比); 3 billion younger(和 2 billion younger 比)
不知道對不對?

[hoojjj]

7 years younger(和 2 billion older 比); 3 billion younger(和 2 billion younger 比)
不知道對不對?

我也是著樣想ㄟ

[davidlee0222]

小弟敢問mikelee大大
請問一下文章下面有一排編號單字
是代表蛇麼意思阿?
小弟駑鈍看不懂說...
看到粉多次都忘記問~

[agk99]

143. The author of the passage puts the word “renegade” (line 29) in quotation marks most probably in order to(難題，考特殊字的態度)

(A) emphasize the lack of support for the theories in question
(B) contrast the controversial quality of the theories in question with the respectable character of their formulators
(C) generate skepticism about the theories in question
(D) ridicule the scientists who once doubted the theories in question
(E) indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed

還記得小弟我在2/19日下午於QK咖啡的現場轉撥嗎，這就是我當時重新學的單字，renegade，也就是異端邪說的意思，如果你了解伽利略主張太陽中心論的故事，你一定可以清楚了解，當時伽利略的看法背視為regenade，但現在看來，這種過去被質疑為非傳統的看法（也就是renegade的看法），己經不再被認為是非傳統的了

E選項很繞，腦子不清楚，很容易被晃點

[agk99]

139. Which of the following, if true, would be most useful in supporting the conclusions drawn from recent observations about globular clusters?
(A) There is firm evidence that the absolute age of the Milky Way galaxy is between 10 and 17 billion years.
(B) A survey reveals that a galaxy close to the Milky Way galaxy contains globular clusters of ages close to the age of Palomar 12.=>conventional theory
(C) A mathematical model proves that small gas clouds move in regular patterns.(irrelevent)
(D) Space probes(詳察) indicate that the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are composed of several different types of gas.
(E) A study of over 1,500 individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy indicates wide discrepancies in there ages.

文章中那裡可以知道over 1,500 individual stars?

130的重點在於discrepancies，而不是1500顆，事實上，作者的觀察最大發現就是分布年紀是分散而非集中，五個選項自然只有E可選

[davidlee0222]

哈哈哈
1500只是那個新研究
輕功水上飄就是這時候用
飄給MM小看

A study of over 1,500 individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy indicates wide
discrepancies in there ages.

紅色才是文句主軸
紫色請當補述或廢話

[davidlee0222]

小弟輕功雖然不怎樣
但是老大那天來玩
包括這篇的兩篇難文還素全對滴啦!!!~^^

[lioyd]

小弟輕功雖然不怎樣
但是老大那天來玩
包括這篇的兩篇難文還素全對滴啦!!!~^^

不好意思，可以請教這一題嗎?看來看去感覺是選A沒錯，
但卻沒辦法明確的指出答案到底在文章的哪一處－_－||
138. According to the passage, one way in which Larson’s theory and the conventional theory of the formation of the Milky Way galaxy differs is in their assessment of the
(A) amount of time it took to form the galaxy
(B) size of the galaxy immediately after its formation
(C) particular gas involved in the formation of the galaxy
(D) importnce of the age of globular clusters in determining how the galaxy was formed
(E) shape of the halo that formed around the galaxy

附上OG的解釋：(覺的有點怪^^"的解釋)
Line12-15 indicates that, according to the conventional theory, the galaxy "formed a relatively short time." Line29-32 state that, according to Larson's theory, the halo of galaxy "formed over a period of a billion or many years.".....

這兩個一個是galaxy形成的時間；一個是halo of galaxy形成的時間，而題目問的是「傳統理論和Larson的理論在"galaxy形成"上的差異點」怎麼解釋會跑出「galaxy形成的時間」V.S.「halo of galaxy形成的時間」
感謝好心人相助^^

[haijung]

此篇文章第四段，OG解釋為 " The final paragraph discusses the effects of these new finidings on theorizing about the formation of the galazy" 我想請問一下，其中的 "effects" 對應原文的哪裡? 是32行到35行敘述的 as hundreds of small gas clouds.....condensed elliptical system嗎? 因為137題中，我當時選錯，因為看到(D)的effects沒有感覺，可以請大大解惑嗎? 謝謝~

137. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
(A) the importance of determining the age of globular clusters in assessing when the Milky Way galaxy was formed
(B) recent changes in the procedure used by astronomers to study the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
(C) current disputes among astronomers regarding the size and form of the Milky Way galaxy
(D) the effect of new discoveries regarding globular clusters on theories about the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
(E) the origin, nature, and significance of groups of stars known as globular clusters

[pimi]

141. The passage suggests that Toomre’s work complements Larson’s theory because it
(A) specifies more precisely the time frame proposed by Larson
(B) subtly alters Larson’s theory to make it more plausible
(C) supplements Larson’s hypothesis with direct astronomical observations
(D) provides theoretical support for the ideas suggested by Larson
(E) expands Larson’s theory to make it more widely applicable

我實在對答案D中的theoretical很有意見, 總覺得computer modeling是一種實質上實驗的support, "理論"總讓我覺得只是言語上的支持, 並沒有像computer modeling還有實驗上的支持
請大大解釋, 感激!!

[dibert8]

computer modeling 不外乎把理論推導出來的算式放進電腦模擬一番 (又稱 computer simulation),藉助電腦的計算能力,看看結果是不是與實驗相符.所以做 computer modeling 的人從事的是理論研究 (i.e. 紙上談兵).

[pimi]

感激!!