OG48-41(biology)(紅樹林的故事)

[agk99]

Passage 41(biology)(敘述類型文章)

Neotropical(新熱帶區) coastal(海岸) mangrove forests(紅樹林) are usually “zonal,”(分區的) with certain mangrove species found predominantly(mainly) in the seaward(面向海的) portion of the habitat and other mangrove species on the more landward portions of the coast. The earliest research on mangrove forests produced descriptions of species distribution from shore to land, without exploring the causes of the distributions.
第一段，簡單代出紅樹林的生長情形，紅樹林主要是面海的，有一些則是面向陸地的，但早期的研究中，並未針對分布的理由進行研究

The idea that zonation is caused by plant succession was first expressed by J. H. Davis in a study of Florida mangrove forests. According to Davis’ scheme(方案), the shoreline is being extended in a seaward direction because of the “land-building” role of mangroves, which, by trapping sediments over time, extend the shore. As a habitat gradually becomes more inland as the shore extends, the “land-building” species are replaced. This continuous process of accretion and succession would be interrupted only by hurricanes or storm flushings.
第二段：直到Davis的研究才發現，紅樹林有著造陸地的角色，藉由累積沈積沙的方式，將海岸沿伸，直到工作完成，這種造陸的物種才會被取代，如果沒有颱風，這樣的流程是持續且不間斷的。

Recently the universal application of Davis’s succession paradigm(樣式) has been challenged. It appears that in areas where weak currents and weak tidal energies allow the accumulation of sediments, mangroves will follow land formation and accelerate the rate of soil accretion; succession will proceed according to Davis’s scheme. But on stable coastlines, the distribution of mangrove species results in other patterns of zonation; “land building” does not occur.
微弱的current and tidal energy也會加速沈積。所謂的造陸並未出現

To find a principle that explains the various distribution patterns, several researchers have looked to salinity(含鹽量高) and its effects on mangrove. While mangroves can develop in fresh water, they can also thrive in salinities as high as 2.5 times that of seawater. However, those mangrove species found in freshwater habitats do well only in the absence of competition, thus suggesting that salinity tolerance is a critical factor in competitive success among mangrove species. Research suggests that mangroves will normally dominate highly saline regions(含鹽量高的地方，紅樹林都能生存), although not because they require salt. Rather, they are metabolically(新陳代謝) efficient (and hence grow well) in portions of an environment whose high salinity excludes(排除) plants adapted to lower salinities. Tides create different degrees of salinity along a coastline. The characteristic mangrove species of each zone should exhibit a higher metabolic efficiency at that salinity than will any potential invader, including other species of mangrove.
第四段則是提出一種解釋，在鹽度較高或較低的地方，都能夠生存，但在鹽份低的地方要能生存，前提就是沒有競爭。所以在鹽份高的地方，紅樹林可以展現較好的新陳代謝效率，甚至比其他紅樹林還強。

*253. The primary of the purpose of the passage is to
(A) refute the idea that the zonation exhibited in mangrove forests is caused by adaption to salinity
(B) describe the pattern of zonation typically found in Florida mangrove forests
(C) argue that Davis’ succession paradigm cannot be successfully applied to Florida mangrove forests
(D) discuss hypotheses that attempt to explain the zonation of coastal mangrove forests
(E) establish that plants that do well in saline forest environments require salt to achieve maximum metabolic efficiency
答案給D，C恐怕是寫反了

254. According to the passage, the earliest research on mangrove forest produced which of the following?
(A) Data that implied random patterns of mangrove species distribution
(B) Descriptions of species distributions suggesting zonation
(C) Descriptions of the development of mangrove forests over time
(D) Reclassification of species formerly thought to be identical
(E) Data that confirmed the “land-building” role of mangroves

255. It can be inferred from the passage that Davis’ paradigm does NOT apply to which of the following?
(A) The shoreline of Florida mangrove forests first studies by Davis
(B) A shoreline in an area with weak currents
(C) A shoreline in an area with weak tidal energy
(D) A shoreline extended by “land-building” species of mangrove
(E) A shoreline in which few sediments can accumulate

256. Information in the passage indicates that the author would most probably regard which of following statements as INCORRECT?
(A) Coastal mangrove forests are usually zonal.
(B) Hurricanes interrupt the process of accretion and succession that extends existing shorelines.
(C) Species of plants that thrive in a saline habitat require salt to flourish.
(D) Plants with the highest metabolic efficiency in a given habitat tend to exclude other plants from that habitat.
(E) Shoreline in areas with weak currents and tides are more likely to be extended through the process of accumulation of sediment than are shorelines with strong currents and tides.

結論：生物類型文章看似很難，但耐著性子讀，至少都不會差太多，反倒是企業類型，陷阱多呀

[agk99]

Recently the universal application of Davis’s succession paradigm(樣式) has been challenged. It appears that in areas where weak currents and weak tidal energies allow the accumulation of sediments, mangroves will follow land formation and accelerate the rate of soil accretion; succession will proceed according to Davis’s scheme. But on stable coastlines, the distribution of mangrove species results in other patterns of zonation; “land building” does not occur.

注意第三段第一句，這表達出與上一段對比，並且呈現出新舊兩種hopythesis相互比較的main idea.

[davidlee0222]

可以參考一下大衛語音教學

http://www.formosamba.com/phpBB3/viewtopi ... 1&start=45