GWD-1-Q9 to GWD-1-Q12:

[clarence]

是C,此作者立論的重點在於警醒人們的活動會對salmon的gene flow影響.雖然沒人真的測出數量,但是也沒人可以反駁此作者的獨到之見-人類的作為是會影響到gene而超出數量之外的,而只有作者能提出一個例子做相當的標準來衡量. should be measured 並不是指應該用多少比多少上面的數據衡量,而是這樣的傷害應該是被評估的,而只有作者提出了,才是這篇文章的意義.
而B, to the extent....gene structure,意義是在gene structure被改變的程度上,但是rate不能說是被改變的程度吧,改成gene flow才可用rate來說明,用might更是弱化了作者的論點,因為他的想法是人類的行為是一定有影響的

[sheena0908]

關於Q12，以下是我的淺見
Mount Saint Helens eruption是火山事件導致鮭魚棲息地改變，數量減少，乃自然因素所致。作者提起這個事件是為了說明，雖然還沒有明確的數字顯示人類活動所造成的影響，但也沒有理由猜測人類活動的影響會跟火山事件的影響有所不同。

作者是將自然事件與人類活動對照，因為自然事件已知造成多大的影響（人類活動的影響力還是未被明確測量出來的），因此為一個STANDARD

答案C意指火山事件提供一個對照的標準，對照人類活動的衝擊，而這些衝擊是應該要被測量的。

[keane0727]

Q12支持B

說明：文章開頭直接講明人類的活動破壞鮭魚棲地而且影響顯而易見(over that last 150.......The numerical effect is obvious...). 接著說明這個影響就是遭破壞的棲地裡鮭魚數量減少（這是明顯的事)，而這時作者提出另一主張"人類破壞棲地也可能會造成鮭魚品種減少"(However, habitat loss also has the potential to reduce genetic diversity.)

接下來就是說明作者的見解也就是本文的主軸, 作者是用類比法(自然對棲地造成的破壞與人類對棲地造成的破壞）來支持他的論點. (most analysts believe that some kind of environmental degradation underlies the demise of.....)

第二段詳細說明自然的破壞是如何造成鮭魚品種減少，並用Mount Saint Helens研究的具體數據來証明大自然破壞後鮭魚棲地後鮭魚品種真的可能會減少


解題：
別忘記作者使用類比方的目的：支持作者的主張論點即"人類破壞棲地可能會造成鮭魚品種減少",　這就是答案B indicate human-caused habitat disturbance in one place might affect the genetic structure of salmon population elsewhere to the extent that it results in substantial gene flow, to the extent that it lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations, and to the extent that it has the potential to reduce genetic diversity.

C錯，因為作者已用對比法証明他的主張論點，作者並沒有要求他人用類似研究1980 Mount Saint Helen Eruption的科學方法，測量數據來証明人類的活動真的可能會造成鮭的品種減少……這樣作好像是暗示作者使用之類比法不正確

[pimi]

GWD-1-Q9:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative
B. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity
C. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations
D. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats
E. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction

Ans:E

請問一下C如何排除呢????

[auguding]

不知道大家對於第12題有更多的見解嗎?
這一提似乎還是沒有一個最標準的答案~
我支持(b)!
作者在最後提出HUMAN ACTIVITY 與AFTERMATH OF THE Mount Saint Helens似乎應該是要說明
人類活動對於SALMON HABITAT的影響~就像是AFTERMATH的影響一般!
------>也就說明了,人類活動的影響有多麼嚴重巨大------->會造成STRAYING RATE上升----->就會使GENE FLOW----->have the potential to alter the genetic structure of populations in neighboring areas
所以說,HUMAN ACTIVITY在末段與AFTERMATH相提並論就是要說明它的嚴重性

我覺得(c)最不好的地方在於SHOULD BE MEASURED這邊
酸然作者寫此文的意義在於點出HUMAN ACTIVITY對於salmon的破壞性及威脅
但是並未點出因此,HUMAN ACTIVITY需要有一個方法來量測
只是告訴我們他覺得人類活動存在著的威脅性!

大家來討論一下這一題吧~怎麼那麼弔詭~!!!

[dibert8]

GWD-1-Q12:
The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to
A. provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct
B. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere
C. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured
D. show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams
E. show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance

Large-scale disturbances in
(25) one locale also have the potential
to alter the genetic structure of
populations in neighboring areas,
even if those areas have pristine
habitats.
...
Eruption of Mount Saint Helens,
for example, sent mud and debris
(55) into several tributaries of the
Columbia River. ...
...
Although no one has quantified
changes in the rate of straying
as a result of the disturbances
caused by humans, there is no
(70) reason to suspect that the effect
would be qualitatively different
than what was seen in the
aftermath of the Mount Saint
Helens eruption.

(A) 不是講 repopulation
(B) 需澄清 1. 'genetic structure' vs 'genetic flow', 2. elsewhere
從第二段的內容得知 'genetic structure' 其實就是講 'genetic flow' (理解: genetic flow 造成 genetic structure 的改變); neighboring area = elsewhere
(C) 需澄清 1. standard of comparison, 2. should be measured
舉例 Mount Saint Helens eruption 並沒有比較的意謂; 'should' 為錯誤答案的長相
(D) homing instinct 並沒有因天災而改變
(E) 不是特例 (except)

[pimi]

GWD-1-Q9:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative
B. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity
C. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations
D. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats
E. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction

Ans:E

請問一下C如何排除呢????

請問C如何排除呢？？

[dibert8]

main idea 題, compare 很少對的,大多是無謂的比較.這一篇大主題在第一句,之後拿火山來作例子,目的也是要說明人的影響;大主題和小主題份量不一樣,不能比較的.

主旨句在第一句:
Over the last 150 years, large
Stretches of salmon habitat have
been eliminated by human activity
接下來整篇文章都繞著這個主題作說明,沒有比較.

[Huang Hsin-Yi]

Although no one has quantified
changes in the rate of straying
as a result of the disturbances
caused by humans, there is no
(70) reason to suspect that the effect
would be qualitatively different
than what was seen in the
aftermath of the Mount Saint
Helens eruption. (作者的意見)


贊成sheena0908大的說法
Ans:C

觀看" aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption"的前文

它說:雖然沒有人去測量因為人類干擾所造成鮭魚的迷路率,但沒由理由去懷疑(人類行為)和Mount Saint Helens eruption比起來影響程度的效果

前段有談到 Mount Saint Helens eruption所造成的影響很大,因此它說就算不去測量,也知道人類破壞率和Mount Saint Helens eruption是相當的

這個結論恰恰好是C談的事

而B所談的內容雖沒錯,但它並無點出 Mount Saint Helens eruption這個例子在文章的作用

[candice.lee]

Although no one has quantified
changes in the rate of straying
as a result of the disturbances
caused by humans, there is no
(70) reason to suspect that the effect
would be qualitatively different
than what was seen in the
aftermath of the Mount Saint
Helens eruption. (作者的意見)

GWD1-Q12:
The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to

B. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere

C. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured

第一次發表文章~請多指教
個人支持c，因為文章的意思是 - 不用懷疑人為的影響會和自然的影響有任何差別(no suspect that the effect would be different)。所以"aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption" 就提供了一個標準 (standard of comparison) 去反對 (against) 人為的影響仍需要測量 (should be measured)