[討論]OG passage21-social

[Grace]

Passage 21

Two modes of argumentation (process of argument) have been used on
behalf of women’s emancipation(解放) in Western societies.
Arguments in what could be called the “relational”
feminist tradition maintain the doctrine(教旨) of “equality in
(5) difference,” or equity as distinct for equality. They
posit (假定) that biological distinctions between the sexes
result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the
family and throughout society and that women’s pro-
creative (多產的) labor(imply individual feminist) is currently undervalued by society, to
(10) the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individual-
ist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights
and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy,
while downplaying (輕描淡寫)the importance of gender roles and
minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant (服侍)
(15) responsibilities.
總結: Two mode of argumentation: “relational” feminist tradition VS individualist feminist tradition
*時間點變化及關聯性
轉折語氣 By the contrast
*作者的對某些事情態度, posit, necessary celebrates, procreative, undervalued

*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor

*注意指示代名詞的指稱 its attendant (服侍)=> the individualist feminist tradition
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*不同理論的相異點跟相同點 Difference
1.relational:biological distinction
2.indivisaul:human right
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題

Before the late nineteenth century, these views
coexisted within the feminist movement, often within
the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and
1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the
(20) dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still pre-
dominates among European and non-Western feminists,
lost ground (立場) in England and the United States. Because
the concept of individual rights was already well estab-
lished in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition,
(25) individualist feminism came to predominate in English-
speaking countries. At the same time (between 1890 and
1920), the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcil-
able. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally
gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational
(30) feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and
economic opportunities outside the home should be avail-
able for all women, continued to emphasize women’s
special contributions to society as homemakers and
mothers; they (relational feminists) demanded special treatment
(35) including protective legislation for women workers,
state-sponsored maternity(懷孕) benefits, and paid compensa-
tion for housework.
總結: 指出 between 1890 and 1920, individualist feminism and relational feminism seem increasingly irreconcilable.

*時間點變化及關聯性 *Before the late nineteenth century, these views
coexisted within the feminist movement,
*Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists,
lost ground in England and the United States.
* At the same time, …….

轉折語氣 however
*作者的對某些事情態度, seem increasingly irreconcilable, totally, for all, demanded
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係 . At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable.
*不同理論的相異點跟相同點 Difference
1.relational: emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers
2.indivisaul: downplaying (輕描淡寫)the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant (服侍) responsibilities.1P
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 Before the late nineteenth century, these views
coexisted within the feminist movement, often within
the writings of the same individual.





Relational arguments have a major pitfall (陷阱): because
they underline women’s physiological and psychological
(40) distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political
adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the
individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, deny-
ing the significance of physiological difference, and
condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly
(45) patriarchal (家族), has often simply treated as irrelevant the
family roles important to many women. If the individu-
alist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy,
could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns
of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for con-
(50) temporary feminist politics could emerge.

總結: 提出individual 和 relational feminism的缺失, 及a more fruitful model的產生 (combine individual and relational feminism的特點)

*時間點變化及關聯性 129,130
轉折語氣 130
*作者的對某些事情態度, 126,130

*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 125
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*不同理論的相異點跟相同點 127,128
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題


125. The author of the passage alludes to the well-
established nature of the concept of individual rights in
the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist
thought on more general intellectual trends in
English history(legal and polictical)
(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger
Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this
has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s
emancipation.
(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among
feminists in non-English-speaking countries
(D) help account for an increasing shift toward
individualist feminism among feminists in English-
speaking countries.
(E) account for the philosophical differences between
individualist and relational feminists in English-
speaking countries

126. The passage suggests that the author of the passage
believes which of the following?
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in
English-speaking countries is a historical
phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet
been investigated.
(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are
irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences
concerning the foundations of society.
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future
feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given
the awareness among feminists of the need for
cooperation among women.
(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse
arguments predicated on differences between the
sexes to argue that the existing social system
should be maintained.
(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical
framework for contemporary feminist politics, but
individualist feminism could contribute much
toward refining and strengthening modern feminist
thought.

127. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist
feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the
following causal statements?
(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in
increased efficiency with regard to the performance
of group tasks.(irrelevant)
(B) A division of labor in a social group causes
inequities in the distribution of opportunities and
benefits among group members. (irrelevant)
(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social
group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked
biological differences between male and female
members of the group.(relation)
(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender
in a social group foster the existence of differing
attitudes and opinions among group members.
(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities
based on gender among members of a social group
can result in a sense of greater well-being for all
members of the group.(individual)

128. According to the passage, relational feminists and
individualist feminists agree that
(A) individual human rights take precedence(先例) over most
other social claims
(B) the gender-based division of labor in society should
be eliminated
(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens
regardless of gender should be passed
(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the
importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society(relation)
(E) the same educational and economic opportunities
should be available to both sexes

129. According to the author, which of the following was true
of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?
(A) Individualist feminist arguments were not found in
the thought or writing of non-English-speaking
feminists.(coexisted)
(B) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist
thought, but another strain, relational feminism,
predominated.
(C) Relational and individualist approaches were equally
prevalent in feminist thought and writing.
(D) The predominant view among feminists held that the
welfare of women was ultimately less important than
the welfare of children.
(E) The predominant view among feminists held that the
sexes should receive equal treatment under the law.

130. The author implies that which of the following was true
of most feminist thinkers in England and the United
States after 1920?
(A) They were less concerned with politics than with
intellectual issues.
(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their
programs began to be adopted by mainstream
political parties.
(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation
among women’s groups to achieve their goals.
(D) They moderated(eased) their initial criticism of the
economic systems that characterized their societies.
(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different
feminist approaches in their thought.

[agk99]

*125. The author of the passage alludes(提及) to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history (並沒有講有沒有影響)
(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation.
(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries
(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.
(E) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries
答案選D，幫忙解釋individualism 的原因

*126. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.
(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.
(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.
(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought.
答案是D，作者到第三段出來，ABC的位置不對(僅限於作者態度於最末段出現時適用，Argument & Analysis文章才行)

*127. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
(B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.
答案給C，individual 找否定分工的，因為問deny

128. According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that
(A) individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims
(B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated
(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed
(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society
(E) the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes

*129. According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?(難題)
(A) Individualist feminist arguments were not found in the thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists.
(B) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational feminism, predominated.
(C) Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminist thought and writing.(同一本書，會有兩種觀念，但不代表兩派女性主義有一致對等的看法)
(D) The predominant view among feminists held that the welfare of women was ultimately less important than the welfare of children.
(E) The predominant view among feminists held that the sexes should receive equal treatment under the law.
答案給B，兩個問題是同時存在，要看到had been，第19行

*130. The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?(A) They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues.
(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties.
(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation among women’s groups to achieve their goals.
(D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economic systems that characterized their societies.
(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist approaches in their thought.
答案給E，1920後，女性主義的發展，並沒有期待會統一。They 是這兩種人，而不是作者

[訪客]

Passage21
First paragraph
Emancipation

Key word:on behalf of, emancipation, rational, posit, distinctive, current, undervalue, disadvantage, contrast, individual, necessary, emphasize, downplay,

Second paragraph
Predominate

Key word: late, coexist, between, had been, dominant, lost, predominate, irreconcilable, at the same time, agree, totally, special

Third paragraph
Harmonize

Key word: major, pitfall, underline, distinctiveness, but, irrelevant, harmonize, fruitful

[ustoday]

*125. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history
(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation.
(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries
(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.
(E) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries

答案是D 沒有問題
但在OG解釋中提到 c 說 individualist feminism is described in line 18-26 of the passage as growing, not declining.
我對這個解釋有點不懂
文中是說 英語國家較偏向 individualist feminism 的想法 而歐洲及非西方國家則偏向relational feminism 根本沒提到 individualist feminism 在非英語國家的消長 更別題as growing
請那位大大幫我看一下
謝謝

[vivid]

會不會是line25
....individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries.

有錯請指正囉

[ustoday]

謝謝vivid
came to ~ 有暗示 growing 的感覺

[suechi915]

126. The passage suggests that the author of the passage
believes which of the following?
(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse
arguments predicated on differences between the
sexes to argue that the existing social system
should be maintained.
(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical
framework for contemporary feminist politics, but
individualist feminism could contribute much
toward refining and strengthening modern feminist
thought.

ABC的位置不對(僅限於作者態度於最末段出現時適用，Argument & Analysis文章才行)
那E為何不對? 文章最後一句話是表示作者比較支持individualist framework?選項E剛好相反?
If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy,
could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns
of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for con-
temporary feminist politics could emerge.

[pimi]

請問文章Line4-5中有提到 equality in difference 以及 equity as distinct from equality的翻議為何????