GWD 8-25~28

[Behemoth]

GWD-8-Q25 to GWD-8-Q28:
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of
the modernization of a telephone
exchange on exchange maintenance
Line work and workers is a solid contribution
(5) to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and social-
ogy of technology: technological
determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the char-
(10) acteristics of a technology have a
decisive influence on job skills and
work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant
of social and managerial organ-
(15) ization. Clark believes this possibility
has been obscured by the recent sociological
fashion, exemplified by
Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes
the way machinery reflects social
(20) choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate
to the manager’s desire to wrest control
of the labor process from the
workers. Technological change is
(25) construed as the outcome of negotiations
among interested parties who
seek to incorporate their own interests
into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents
(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance
by misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are
(35) supposed to believe, for example, that
machinery imposes appropriate forms
of order on society. The alternative to
constructivism, in other words, is to
view technology as existing outside
(40) society, capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the
constructivists by both theoretical and
empirical arguments. Theoretically he
(45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships
between social and technical
variables. Attempts to reduce the
meaning of technology to cold, hard
metal are bound to fail, for machinery
(50) is just scrap unless it is organized
functionally and supported by appropriate
systems of operation and main-
tenance. At the empirical level Clark
shows how a change at the telephone
(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive
electromechanical switches to semielectronic
switching systems altered
work tasks, skills, training opportunities,
administration, and organization of
(60) workers. Some changes Clark attributes
to the particular way management
and labor unions negotiated the introduction
of the technology, whereas
others are seen as arising from the
(65) capabilities and nature of the technology
itself. Thus Clark helps answer
the question: “When is social choice
decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more
important?”
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change
B. discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange
C. consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change
D. challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism
E. suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q26:
The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?

A. Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.
B. There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.
C. Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.
D. Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.
E. Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q27:
The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

A. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
B. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology
C. engage in speculation about the motivations of determinists
D. lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists
E. contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q28:
Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?

A. The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.
B. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.
C. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.
D. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.
E. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.


想請教大家27題 應該是b沒錯吧?

[micht]

我覺得...

這整個passage都繞著Jon Clark's 觀點在走..

以Clark's 想法為考量

Clark 主張technology = a primary determinant of social and managerial organization
.
.
.
This position represents
(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance
by misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are
(35) supposed to believe, for example, that
machinery imposes appropriate forms
of order on society. The alternative to
constructivism, in other words, is to
view technology as existing outside
(40) society, capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization.

我覺得suppose to believe是 Clark 以 social constructivism的觀點來propose HOW constructivists gain acceptance??

Clark proposed that...technology =capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization(is the reason why constructivists gain acceptance)

所以我覺得B 正確
A. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
是constructivists 主張為何deterministsis inaccurate

B. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology
determinists自己有這麼認為propose the reason why they got acceptances嗎?

個人想法.............. 不知對否...ㄏ

[agk99]

正想貼這篇，沒想到你老兄貼了，感動
待會回你

[Behemoth]

說實在的 我認為這篇真是有難度

看了兩三遍了,感覺還是魔模糊胡的...

[魚]

我覺得 27 是A 耶..........態度挺清楚的啊

[Behemoth]

我覺得 27 是A 耶..........態度挺清楚的啊

我的感覺是 因為他只問be supposed to 這三個字在幹嘛

如果是問整句,那就是a了

可是只問這三個字,所以是b

你覺得呢 :o

[訪客]

請問大家對這題有共識了嗎???

[bugubugu]

Q25 to Q28: 請問我紅色字的部份的中文解釋是?]
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of
the modernization of a telephone
exchange on exchange maintenance
Line work and workers is a solid contribution
(5) to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and sociol-
ogy of technology: technological
determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the char-
(10) acteristics of a technology have a
decisive influence on job skills and
work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determi-
nant of social and managerial organ-
(15) ization. Clark believes this possibility
has been obscured by the recent soci-
ological fashion, exemplified by
Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes
the way machinery reflects social
(20) choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate
to the manager’s desire to wrest con-
trol of the labor process from the
workers. Technological change is
(25) construed as the outcome of negoti-
ations among interested parties who
seek to incorporate their own interests
into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents
(30) the new mainstream called social con-
structivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance
by misrepresenting technological deter-
minism: technological determinists are
(35) supposed to believe, for example, that
machinery imposes appropriate forms
of order on society. The alternative to
constructivism, in other words, is to
view technology as existing outside
(40) society, capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the
constructivists by both theoretical and
empirical arguments. Theoretically he
(45) defines “technology” in terms of rela-
tionships between social and technical
variables. Attempts to reduce the
meaning of technology to cold, hard
metal are bound to fail, for machinery
(50) is just scrap unless it is organized
functionally and supported by approp-
riate systems of operation and main-
tenance. At the empirical level Clark
shows how a change at the telephone
(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive
electromechanical switches to semi-
electronic switching systems altered
work tasks, skills, training opportuni-
ties, administration, and organization of
(60) workers. Some changes Clark attrib-
utes to the particular way management
and labor unions negotiated the intro-
duction of the technology, whereas
others are seen as arising from the
(65) capabilities and nature of the technol-
ogy itself. Thus Clark helps answer
the question: “When is social choice
decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more
important?”

[liwuu]

我覺得 27 是A 耶..........態度挺清楚的啊

我的感覺是 因為他只問be supposed to 這三個字在幹嘛

如果是問整句,那就是a了

可是只問這三個字,所以是b

你覺得呢 :o

這一題我搭配下一句話來看...感覺clark是要做辯護,所以我覺得這邊are suppose to有一點反諷constructivinist的味道,表示他們引用錯誤!!

ps.我想加問一下第26題答案是B,該從哪裡判斷呢?謝謝...

[liwuu]

我覺得 27 是A 耶..........態度挺清楚的啊

我的感覺是 因為他只問be supposed to 這三個字在幹嘛

如果是問整句,那就是a了

可是只問這三個字,所以是b

你覺得呢 :o

這一題我搭配下一句話來看...感覺clark是要做辯護,所以我覺得這邊are suppose to有一點反諷constructivinist的味道,表示他們引用錯誤,因此我選A

ps.我想加問一下第26題答案是B,該從哪裡判斷呢?謝謝...

[bugubugu]

我覺得 27 是A 耶..........態度挺清楚的啊

我的感覺是 因為他只問be supposed to 這三個字在幹嘛

如果是問整句,那就是a了

可是只問這三個字,所以是b

你覺得呢 :o

這一題我搭配下一句話來看...感覺clark是要做辯護,所以我覺得這邊are suppose to有一點反諷constructivinist的味道,表示他們引用錯誤!!

ps.我想加問一下第26題答案是B,該從哪裡判斷呢?謝謝...

Q26題的話呢....
因為他問"如果"(假設法)社會建構學家的理論不會被廣泛的接受...
那麼那選項哪個對...
因此我們快速回到文章第二段那邊(因第二段說明它們廣泛被接受)
說是因為它們對科技學派的誤解所以才被廣泛接受...
那麼因此若他們對科技學派有更深的認識(即"不"誤解的話...)
他們就不會被廣泛接受...
所以答案就是B

[bugubugu]

我覺得 27 是A 耶..........態度挺清楚的啊

我的感覺是 因為他只問be supposed to 這三個字在幹嘛

如果是問整句,那就是a了

可是只問這三個字,所以是b

你覺得呢 :o

那麼請問Q27到底最後是A還是B呀....

[Behemoth]

現在回來看
我支持a
搭配supposed的上一句來看
很清楚的
真是不好意思
那時誤導大家
請大家原諒我

[davidlee0222]

這篇用小弟的水上飄相當易解
但小弟個人認為答案有誤
並可在文章中找出明確答案

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of
the modernization of a telephone
exchange on exchange maintenance
Line work and workers is a solid contribution
(5) to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and social-
ogy of technology: technological
determinism and social constructivism.

8行只有一句話
JC研究對"TD"跟"SC"的辯論有大貢獻
(TD是科技決定論，SC是"社會建構論")

Clark makes the point that the char-
(10) acteristics of a technology have a
decisive influence on job skills and
work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant
of social and managerial organ-
(15) ization.

7行也只有2句話
JC說"科技的特質"對"工作技術及組織"有決定性影響
並是"社會及管理組織"的決定基準

Clark believes this possibility
has been obscured by the recent sociological
fashion, exemplified by
Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes
the way machinery reflects social
(20) choices.

JC相信上述論點(科技決定那些東東)被B的"機器反應社會選擇"論點(目前主流)所混淆

For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate
to the manager’s desire to wrest control
of the labor process from the
workers. Technological change is
(25) construed as the outcome of negotiations
among interested parties who
seek to incorporate their own interests
into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents
(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

B(社會建構論)認為科技體系的型態是"經理掌權慾望"的附屬物
而科技改變是"利益團體"與"機械體制"的妥協結果

第一段相當簡單
講新起的"JC科技決定論"加入了現為主流的"B社會建構論"的戰局

(這句話是作者講的)The constructivists(指B論) gain acceptance
by misrepresenting(作者態度反對B) technological determinism:
(作者講:B如何曲解"科技決定論")technological determinists are
(35) supposed to believe, for example, that
machinery imposes appropriate forms
of order on society. The alternative to
constructivism(這4個字還是指"被B曲解的科技決定論"), in other words, is to
view technology as existing outside
(40) society, capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization.
作者說:B錯誤地認為-科技決定論的人"應該認為"是"機械建制社會秩序"，且科技市獨立於社會外，並能直接影響社會

Clark refutes the extremes of the
constructivists by both theoretical and
empirical arguments.

JC以理論及實證來反駁B

Theoretically he
(45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships
between social and technical
variables. Attempts to reduce the
meaning of technology to cold, hard
metal are bound to fail, for machinery
(50) is just scrap unless it is organized
functionally and supported by appropriate
systems of operation and main-
tenance.

理論反駁中，
JC將"科技"定義為"社會與科技的各面向關係"
想要軟化"科技"字眼必將失敗(可infer-JC認為"科技"本身並不生硬)
除非機械被功能性地組織，且被適當的營運及維護
否則只是廢鐵

At the empirical level Clark
shows how a change at the telephone
(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive
electromechanical switches to semielectronic
switching systems altered
work tasks, skills, training opportunities,
administration, and organization of
(60) workers.

在實證部分
JC用(需大量維護的)電機開關式電話交換機
轉型為半導體切換系統
之間的作業、技術、職訓機會、管理及人員編制等的轉換
來引證

Some changes Clark attributes
to the particular way management
and labor unions negotiated the introduction
of the technology, whereas
others are seen as arising from the
(65) capabilities and nature of the technology
itself.

部分的轉變被JC歸因於是當科技導入時，主管階層與工會協商的特殊方式
而另一些轉變則是科技進步的本性

(後面是作者說的)Thus Clark helps answer
the question: “When is social choice
decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more
important?”

因此JC回答了這個問題：
何時由"社會抉擇"主導，而何時又是由"科技特質"主導

[davidlee0222]

GWD-8-Q26:
The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?

JC相信如果B沒有成為主流會如何?
在第16行
Clark believes this possibility
has been obscured by the recent sociological
fashion, exemplified by
Braverman’s analysis,
JC相信this possibility會被現行主流的B所矇蔽

而this possibility是在上一句(第9行開始)
Clark makes the point that the char-
(10) acteristics of a technology have a
decisive influence on job skills and
work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant
of social and managerial organ-
(15) ization
科技的特質對”職務技術”與”工作分配”有決定性影響
更甚者，
科技是”社會”與”管理職能”分配的關鍵決定因素

A. Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions. 公司會”在沒有考慮它們的舉動的社會後果”之下更進步。無關
B. There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.
科技在”造成社會變遷”的角色上，會更被廣為了解。
文中未提了不了解”科技角色”的問題。
C. Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.
企業會比較不了解”被社會進化影響”的員工態度。無關
D. Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.
社會進化會比較慢。無關
E. Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.
科技會在決定”社會中商業的角色”中，扮演更大比重的角色。就是第9-15行講滴。


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q27:
The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

第32行
(這句話是作者講的)The constructivists(指B論) gain acceptance
by misrepresenting(作者態度反對B) technological determinism:
(作者講:B如何曲解"科技決定論")technological determinists are
(35) supposed to believe, for example, that
machinery imposes appropriate forms
of order on society.
作者說:B錯誤地認為-科技決定論的人"應該認為"是"機械建制社會秩序"

因此答案應該是要找：作者是為了表達B如何曲解科技決定論

A. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
指出B對JC的論點是錯的。沒錯的啦~
B. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology
定義JC對科技應用的大眾認定。無關
C. engage in speculation about the motivations of determinists
對科技決定論者的動機存疑。無關
D. lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists
支持對”科技決定論者(JC)立場”的批判。無關
E. contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization
將”科技決定論者的歷史立場”與他們對”社會進化的立場”的對比。無關