OG48-3

[agk99]

Passage 3

Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While(重要語氣轉折詞，以後半段為重) this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts(視為收入) were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.(不到全國經濟的2%)

Recently(重要訊號字，顯示首段為舊，二段為新，以新為重) federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies(重點句，強調新舊差別). In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital(說明細節的細節，後續可略讀) is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company or MESBIC. The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.
總結第一、二段，作者先提出60年代的一個SBA方案，但由於管理經驗、地理位置以及資金的問題，SBA宣布失敗。但最近政府又提出MESBIC的觀念，也就是排除了直接對小企業的補助，而是透過中介公司對大型且有成長空間的公司給予支持。事後證明，第一段就考了三題，第二段也有兩題以上，證明對比題中一二段可謂關鍵

MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation(以上都是說明細節的細節). Following early financial and operating problems(有出考題，第17題), sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises(在經歷早期的財務及經營問題後，各家公司為MESBIC提供的資金己超過法律規定的50萬美元，這就是為了產生足夠的收入及維持管理所需的品質。MESBIC現在己經是弱勢企業不斷成長的重要財務來源).
第三段總結：進一步說明MESBIC的好處，除了提供資金，還提供技術、經驗、還有最重要的機會。也順道說明市場己經存在，弱勢公司面對比較少的風險。MESBIC現在是弱勢企業的重要支持。

Ironically(負面態度字), MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically(務實地) than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations.(Staff更擅長務實地管理對弱勢企業的投資) The latter often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsibility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant(考慮?態度屬性為何?). Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness(焦慮不安) among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent(審慎的) course is followed, MESBIC directors may revert(回覆) to policies likely to recreate the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.
第四段總結，作者終於丟出他實際的態度，事實上他是positive, but negative, 他只肯定一般MESBIC中的staff的專業，一般的director反而更是欠缺經驗且常常貸錯對象。作者說了重話，如果不儘早解決這種問題，MESBIC也是可能重蹈SBA的覆轍。全篇是新舊觀念對比為主，以新觀念為主

*13. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?(主題類題型)
(A) The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.
(B) There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s. (C) After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.
(D) Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.
(E) For the first time since 1960, large corporations are making significant contributions to the development of minority businesses.
13題應該選A，我錯誤選成B，仔細一看，B講的並沒有錯，但是指第四段的文字，too specific，本文該是探討兩套方案的差異，特別是後面那一套比前面那一套有可能成功，

14. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
(A) seek federal contracts to provide markets for minority businesses
(B) encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses
(C) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector
(D) rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses(18-21)
(E) select minority businesses on the basis of their location
只有在比較MESBIC的內容中有提到大型企業的資助，在contrast文章中，差異的部分務必全數點出

15. Which of the following does the author cite to support the conclusion that the results of the SBA program were disappointing?
(A) The small number of new minority enterprises formed as a result of the program
(B) The small number of minority enterprises that took advantage of the management and technical assistance offiered under the program
(C) The small percentage of the nation’s business receipts earned by minority enterprises following the programs, implementation.(完全正確，原文第一段最後一句)
(D) The small percentage of recipient minority enterprises that were able to repay federally guaranteed loans made under the program
(E) The small number of minority enterprises that chose to participate in the program

*16. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?(推論題)
(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.(無關)
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.(無關)
(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development. (無關)
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were assessed and then provided for adequately.
16題標準答案C，出自第一段，原本預期沒有那麼高，結果卻是那麼高。E(先評估需求再提供合適量，不知在講啥，不選)

17. The author refers to the “financial and operating problems”(line 38 ) encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to(細節題)
(A) broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’S through sponsoring companies
(B) call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively(第三段後半，很清楚)
(C) show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only(只要原文沒有這種字，就可以優先排除武斷字題型) $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s
(D) compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding(無關)
(E) refute suggestions that MESBIC’s have been only marginally successful(態度完全不對，不選)

*18. The author’s primary objective in the passage is to(寫作技巧題)
(A) disprove the view that federal efforts to aid minority businesses have been ineffective
(B) explain how federal efforts to aid minority businesses have changed since the 1960’s(C) establish a direct link between the federal efforts to aid minority businesses made before the 1960’s and those made in the 1980’s
(D) analyze the basis for the belief that job-specific experience is more useful to minority businesses than is general management experience(E) argue that the “social responsibility approach” to aiding minority businesses is superior to any other approach (並未提到)
18題標準答案B，仔細推敲，這確實是一篇如何改變的文章，Contrast文章強調的就是change，遇到寫作技巧題就找change 即可


綜合檢討
比較意外的是，本題討論到的SBA僅僅出現在第一段，但六題就考了三題，還好講述SBA的內容都集中在第一段，顯示第一段是務必徹底讀熟的一段
有些文章相當平淡，類似像這一篇文章，因此沒有轉折詞就該跳讀就跳讀，但這種文章跳讀時務必定位清楚，否則再回頭來做將更為痛苦
我個人認為第四段的文章內容故然重要，但也該小心題目考出其他段落的文章。

[訪客]

*16. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?(推論題)
(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.(無關)
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.(無關)
(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development. (無關)
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were assessed and then provided for adequately.
16題標準答案C，出自第一段，原本預期沒有那麼高，結果卻是那麼高。E(先評估需求再提供合適量，不知在講啥，不選)

推一下這題...
太鳥了吧
ETS在解釋什麼鳥東西ㄚ
各位請告訴我這是一隻什麼樣子的鳥好嗎???

[bear]

*16. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?(推論題)
(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.(無關)
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.(無關)
(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development. (無關)
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were assessed and then provided for adequately.
16題標準答案C，出自第一段，原本預期沒有那麼高，結果卻是那麼高。E(先評估需求再提供合適量，不知在講啥，不選)

推一下這題...
太鳥了吧
ETS在解釋什麼鳥東西ㄚ
各位請告訴我這是一隻什麼樣子的鳥好嗎???

mike你是後面解釋不懂? 還是不知道為啥要選這各?

這題我是這樣做的...
題目看到SBA...回原文中定位 ...第一段....
A-> 15年錯, 因為文中沒講loan的償還期有多久...
B-->無謂比較(這長是錯誤干擾答案)
C--> 關鍵字disappointing (7), 這種特殊字, 在讀文的時候就要有感覺....
解釋如同大哥所講....
D-->也是無謂比較
E-->adequately錯, 因為 shortage(9)

[micht]

這題蠻難選ㄉ 因為沒看清楚key word 就選不出來 "the results were disappointing"

考這種細節中的細節真可惡

[davidlee0222]

小弟新增語音解說
在大衛語音教學中可供下載
http://www.formosamba.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=3161