OG48-4

[agk99]

Passage 4(6錯2個)

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision(共有六個傳統的推理模式). Rather(非常重要的轉折字，特別注意後方), in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers(日常的抉擇), these senior executives rely on what is vaguely(大致上地) termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty(新鮮事), and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking(難句，特別是指這些經理人必須在一堆ambiguity, inconsistency....中決定事情，而且在思考過程中就要有行動).第一段總結：(整句都得讀)傳統是clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating, making, and taking action.....;現在則是在眾多混沌不明的情勢中，以intuition做決定，並且integrate action into the thinking process....

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however(重要轉折), such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality(理性的對立): others view it as an excuse for capriciousness(反覆無常的藉口).第二段總結：mgt writers have recognized they rely on intuition. But fewer writers can figure out what intuition is, some believed it as the opposite of rationality, others view it as excuse.

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather(以下必讀), senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways(進入數數，要做筆記及定位). First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational(任信或不理信的), but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills(好句子，可背). A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience(括號字必讀). Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter(態度相反) to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender(產生) a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.第三段總結：a study found that intuition has five characteristics which included to sense a problem, to perform well behavior rapidly, to synthesize isolated data into a picture, to check on the result after analyzing and to engender a plausible solution.

One of the implications(含義) of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting.(承接第三段，並且可視為第三段的具體總結) Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. (進一步解釋study，可跳讀或不讀)Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
第四段總結：thinking is inseparable from acting

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate(開始) a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue(藉由這個結果對這個問題更深入的了解). One implication(含義) of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing(完成) the solution.第五段總結：thinking/acting cycle is defining the problem, 而不僅僅是implementing the solution.

*19. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to(細節題，直接找第三段)
(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem (第三段倒數第二句)
(B) identify a problem (sense a problem exists)
(C) bring together disparate facts (synthesize the data and integrate the information into a picture)
(D) stipulate(clarifying) clear goals (這是classical rational model)(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem (check on the result...)
本題做錯，正確答案是D，突顯定位題的複雜與難度

*20. The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?(細節題)
(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.
答案是D，就如同第二段句中，作者說這些mgt scholar displays a poor grasp of what intuition is

21. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” (line 28) as it is presented in the passage?(細節題)
(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.
(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.
(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.(直接回去定位，第三段的第三部分，講aha之前)
(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.
(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.

22. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT(細節題)
(A) evaluation of a problem (assessing the problem)
(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem (formulating options)
(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision (clarifying goals)
(D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem
(E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem (estimating likelihoods of success)
本題沒有捷徑，回去第一段一個一個check

23. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?(推論題)
(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not
(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
(E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; manager X does not.
關鍵就是第四段第一句話
24. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?(主題類型)
(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
(C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills
(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.
(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.選一個正面且態度積極的，先刪B，再砍沒談到的AD，再把管理學者認為的C刪掉，就是選E

綜合感想：
這種題目又臭又長，就是要考驗考生的耐心，即便是企管類型文章，該讀還是得讀，絲毫馬虎不得，很是痛苦，牢記定位一定要清楚
再來，本篇是兩種對於intuition的看法比較，以前人都不用intuition，都是認為理性思考比較重要，後來企管學者則是注意到intuition 的重要，但可惜卻是誤解了這種看法。於是作者提出一個學者的研究，強調在intuition的引導下，action與thinking要同步進行。
注意這種文章的推論題題型

[魚]

綜合感想：

再來，本篇是兩種對於intuition的看法比較，以前人都不用intuition，都是認為理性思考比較重要，後來企管學者則是注意到intuition 的重要，但可惜卻是誤解了這種看法。於是作者提出一個學者的研究，強調在intuition的引導下，action與thinking要同步進行。
注意這種文章的推論題題型

agk 大哥 ....

這篇文章 不是拿以前跟現在作contrast 吧..........................................

快去面壁思過吧 :P


以前人都不用intuition <----這裡錯了 ,沒有以前的人

前幾行的意思是 , 成功的senior managers 不用舊方法 ; 兩者意義不同 !

[agk99]

agk 大哥 ....

這篇文章 不是拿以前跟現在作contrast 吧..........................................

快去面壁思過吧 :P


以前人都不用intuition <----這裡錯了 ,沒有以前的人

前幾行的意思是 , 成功的senior managers 不用舊方法 ; 兩者意義不同 !

這種文章不能看成是傳統與現代的contrast嗎
還是說要看成使用intuition和不使用intuition的經理的contrast?

這題該是contrast類型的吧
真是越來越迷惑了

[chunjuwu]

我覺得a選項，很合乎邏輯呀。

文章：大部分成功的管理者，用的是直覺方法，而不是傳統決策方法。
不就是意謂者：用這個方法者，容易成功嗎？

[liwuu]

A.Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.

個人覺得因為A選項中主要是說用直覺的管理者比用formal decision analysis的管理者成功,這部分在文章中並沒有明確說明!!
這種牽扯到主觀比較的選項,除非文章中很明白點出,否則盡量不選...

[shihyingho]

請問一下,第23題的C選項Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem,這句話是什麼意思啊?

[agk99]

to shihyingho

抱歉這麼晚才回你問題
23-C的選項很簡單，依字面直翻
X經理人(使用直覺的)採取行動就是為了找出問題的解決方案，Y經理人則否

[nemolee]

請問這段話的意思..

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however(重要轉折), such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality(理性的對立): others view it as an excuse for capriciousness(反覆無常的藉口).


Some see 與 others view 是不是在說有些管理的學者的看法是xxx ，其它的管理學者的看法是 xxx ... 是這樣嗎??

請問畫線部份的中文意??　看半天不太了解..

謝謝

[Huang Hsin-Yi]

:oo 請問這段話的意思..

In general, however(重要轉折), such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality(理性的對立): others view it as an excuse for capriciousness(反覆無常的藉口).

大體上,然而,這樣的作者展現出對"直覺"的貧乏的理解o有些認為它是理性的對立(就是不理性),有些則是認為那是善變的藉口
Some see 與 others view 是不是在說有些管理的學者的看法是xxx ，其它的管理學者的看法是 xxx ... 是這樣嗎??

請問畫線部份的中文意??　看半天不太了解..

謝謝

[nemolee]

謝~