Prep-196

[kotokolin]

According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy
known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is
designed to be adopted consistently throughout an
organization and to improve customer service by using
5) sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality,
can work successfully in conjunction with two older
management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific
approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques
of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the
10) organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with
the social and psychological emphases of the "human
relations" school of management.
However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these
systems or onto certain other non-TQM management
15) systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with
such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability,
TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the
other management systems referred to use upper
management decision-making and employee specialization to
20) maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM
envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and
customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only
benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's
competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting
25) employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests
is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated
production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that
achieve the benefits of TQM.

[kotokolin]

來個自問自答好了

Question #19. 196-01 (22144-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) point out contradictions in a new management system
(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems
(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems
(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems
(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems

答案D
(A) 文章裡面沒提到TQM本身有contradiction
(B) 第二段曾提到TQM和其他系統的objectives, 但重點不在於compare 不同system之間的objective而是 graft的時候不容易(第二段第一句)
(C) 文章沒提到這些系統有share organizational feature, 只提到scientifice approach(第一段)和 objectives(第二段)
(D) 正確答案
(E) 文章沒提到TQM比其他系統好的地方

===============================================
Question #20. 196-05 (22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

答案C, 沒問題
===============================================

Question #21. 196-06 (22236-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-06)

According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they

(A) are primarily interested in increasing profits
(B) place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure
(C) use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability
(D) are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability
(E) focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives

答案A.
(B) 錯在little
(C) 沒說他們都用統計分法達到增加利潤
(D) 錯在unlikely: TQM有提到lower price可以 benefit customer和employee, owners正好是TQM的目標
(E) 錯在long-term: 其他管理系統是maximize sharefolder profits over short-term.

[a-jan]

Question #20. 196-05 (22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

ANS: C

這題我用排除的方式選到C
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
1,2段是轉折關係而不是contrasting
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
文章中沒提到exception的部份
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
example 是在第2段最後才說明到，無法表示relationship.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
an alternative approach to solving a problem ==> 文章中沒提到如何解決問題

想請問直接選 C .. 應該根據第一段的那行

謝謝

[a-jan]

本人沒看清楚內文.. 今天早上再看一次時.. 發現了...
其實整段都是在說 P.F Drucker 設計 TQM的內容...

[chris8888]

qualify 我看過OG有兩個意思, 1. 限制 2. 使 ... 合格

我這一題
Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

ANS: C
因為把qualify解釋為限制, 所以我選了D, 我練習時在C和D之間掙扎, 最終選錯, 到底我該怎樣判斷這句話qualify要怎樣解釋? 它讓我陣亡在考試中. = ='''
致於D, 不是頂好, 但是第二段確實也有example提出說明, 不能說他大錯特錯, 同時我對qualify該怎樣解釋有出現兩種說法, confound me deeply.

剛剛又看了一下, 我覺得我對這個字要做進一步的了解, qualify
qualify 應該要解釋為 : 更精確地修飾描繪 .... (用作動詞有限制的意思, 但是是限制解釋的分叉, 而更精準的描述某個觀點和論點的意思)

同時D的example是解釋沒錯, 但是他只解釋上一句的意思, 並非解釋第一段落.

正確答案應該是C

[a-jan]

一直說不出qualify的感覺… 正好道出了我的盲點，這樣我就比較好理解了，謝謝..

[pimi]

Question #20. 196-05 (22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

ANS: C

這題我用排除的方式選到C
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
1,2段是轉折關係而不是contrasting

想請問為何不是contrast, 第一段提到TQM可以跟兩個舊系統相連, 但第二段卻說其實不可以, 這樣不是contrast嗎？？
雖然C答案也很棒, 但是我還是無法排除A, 請大大解釋, 感激感激~

[小花]

Question #20. 196-05 (22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

ANS: C

這題我用排除的方式選到C
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
1,2段是轉折關係而不是contrasting

想請問為何不是contrast, 第一段提到TQM可以跟兩個舊系統相連, 但第二段卻說其實不可以, 這樣不是contrast嗎？？
雖然C答案也很棒, 但是我還是無法排除A, 請大大解釋, 感激感激~

這樣解釋 不知道會不會太ㄍㄧㄣ了點
文章沒提到phenomenon 都在講理論
(原諒我ㄚ 我是從文章結構猜到C的)

[小花]

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these
systems or onto certain other non-TQM management
15) systems

注意一下ETS的用字
所以用qualifies很合理滴