Prep T2 - essay 16

[plilo]

Essay #16. 563 (23692-!-item-!-188;#058&00563-00)

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enacted crop lien laws stipulating that those who advanced cash or supplies necessary to plant a crop would receive, as security, a claim, or lien, on the crop produced. In doing so, planters, most of whom were former slaveholders, sought access to credit from merchants and control over nominally free laborers--former slaves freed by the victory of the northern Union over the southern Confederacy in the United States Civil War. They hoped to reassure merchants that despite the emancipation of the slaves, planters would produce crops and pay debts. Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers, former slaves who were without money to rent land or buy supplies. Planters imagined continuation of the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy: merchants supplying landlords, landlords supplying laborers, and laborers producing crops from which their scant wages and planters' profits would come, allowing planters to repay advances. Lien laws frequently had unintended consequences, however, thwarting the planter fantasy of mastery without slavery. The newly freed workers, seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies. Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence.

Question #54. 563-03 (23830-!-item-!-188;#058&000563-03)

The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?

(A) They sought to preserve pre-Civil War social conditions.
(B) Their numbers in the legislatures had been diminished.
(C) Their businesses had suffered from a loss of collateral.
(D) They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves.
(E) Their profits had declined because planters defaulted on debts for supply advances.

答案(D)

請教一下，是從哪裡可以推出這個答案呢？

這一篇文章對我來說真的是很難懂
我已經看了好幾遍，還是看不懂lien law的用意到底是什麼
感覺好像是說原本是要來拐彎抹角的控制黑奴，可是反而讓黑奴藉此翻身
是這樣嗎？如果是，又是怎麼做的？

[dibert8]

美國人很假,總發明一些名詞拐彎抹角,讓人搞不清楚誰究竟誰是誰.(也許這也是他們為何喜歡化裝舞會吧!)

首先,要離清角色:
planter = 蓄奴者, 立法者 => 所以這個法 (lien law) 就是他們打的算盤 => 借錢買貨,壟斷市場,使解放的黑人再為他們工作
merchant = 商人-- 賣地,賣貨
worker -- 黑人

可惜事與願違, merchant 不聽話,在商言商,借錢給黑人 (worker),這下反而讓黑人藉蓄奴者 (planter) 立的法 (lien law) 跳脫出預設的框框.這就是蓄奴者偷雞不著屎把米的故事.

(A) 化裝舞會來了! they 不是 merchants, 面具的背後是 planters
(B) 化裝舞會又來了! legislatures = planters ,問 merchants, 來 legislatures 作啥? 文章也沒講這段
(C) 文章沒講 collateral. 有 credit, 沒有 collateral. (拿來漁目混珠)
(D) 有啦! "The newly freed workers... made direct arrangements with merchants " 選項反過來講 (正確選項的特徵)
(E) 文章沒講 profit

[plilo]

原來如此

感謝你的解答

[chris8888]

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enacted crop lien laws stipulating that those who advanced cash or supplies necessary to plant a crop would receive, as security, a claim, or lien, on the crop produced.
(北南戰爭後, 蓄奴者or 農場主人制訂農作留置權法lien laws, 規範 ...)
In doing so, planters, most of whom were former slaveholders, sought access to credit from merchants and control over nominally(名義上) free laborers--former slaves freed by the victory of the northern Union over the southern Confederacy in the United States Civil War.
(南北戰後, 蓄奴者想要取得來自商人的信貸, 以及控制名義上的奴隸)
They hoped to reassure merchants that despite the emancipation of the slaves, planters would produce crops and pay debts.(他們向商人保證 : 儘管奴隸解放了, 但是他們還是會生產農作物和還債) Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers, former slaves who were without money to rent land or buy supplies.(蓄奴者計畫去 ...) (52-D)Planters imagined continuation of the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy(蓄奴者想像戰前的經濟架構可以繼續): merchants supplying landlords, landlords supplying laborers, and laborers producing crops from which their scant(少量的) wages and planters' profits would come, allowing planters to repay advances(預付款). Lien laws(留置權) frequently had unintended consequences, however, thwarting the planter fantasy of mastery without slavery.(沒了奴隸, 阻礙蓄奴者支配的空想) The newly freed workers, seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies. Lien laws, the [u]centerpiece of a system (52-C)designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to (52-C)escape that dependence.[/u]

It is all a means to an end.

Question #52. 563-01 (23738-!-item-!-188;#058&000563-01)

Which of the following best expresses the central idea of the passage?

(A) Planters in the post-Civil War southern United States sought to reinstate the institution of slavery.
(B) Through their decisions regarding supply credit, merchants controlled post-Civil War agriculture.
(C) Lien laws helped to defeat the purpose for which they were originally created.
從文章最後一段可以看出, lien laws 原先創造來的目的
(D) Although slavery had ended, the economic hierarchy changed little in the post-Civil War southern United States.
變化很大, 不是很小.
(E) Newly freed workers enacted lien laws to hasten the downfall of the plantation economy.

[chris8888]

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enacted crop lien laws stipulating that those who advanced cash or supplies necessary to plant a crop would receive, as security, a claim, or lien, on the crop produced. In doing so, planters, most of whom were former slaveholders, (53-C)sought access to credit from merchants and (53-B)control over nominally free laborers--former slaves freed by the victory of the northern Union over the southern Confederacy in the United States Civil War. They hoped to reassure merchants that despite the emancipation of the slaves, planters would produce crops and pay debts. Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers, former slaves who were without money to rent land or buy supplies. (53-E)Planters imagined continuation of the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy: merchants supplying landlords, landlords supplying laborers, and laborers producing crops from which their scant wages and planters' profits would come, allowing planters to repay advances. Lien laws frequently had unintended consequences, however, thwarting the planter fantasy of mastery without slavery. The newly freed workers, seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies. (53-D)Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence.

Question #53. 563-02 (23784-!-item-!-188;#058&000563-02)

According to the passage, each of the following was a reason planters supported crop lien laws EXCEPT:

(A) Planters believed that lien laws would allow them to expand their landholdings.
(B) Planters expected that lien laws would give them control over former slaves.
(C) Planters anticipated that lien laws would help them retain access to merchant credit.
(D) Planters intended to use lien laws to create a dependent labor force.
(E) Planters saw lien laws as a way to maintain their traditional economic status.

[chris8888]

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enacted crop lien laws stipulating that those who advanced cash or supplies necessary to plant a crop would receive, as security, a claim, or lien, on the crop produced. In doing so, planters, most of whom were former slaveholders, sought access to credit from merchants and control over nominally free laborers--former slaves freed by the victory of the northern Union over the southern Confederacy in the United States Civil War. They hoped to reassure merchants that despite the emancipation of the slaves, planters would produce crops and pay debts. Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers, former slaves who were without money to rent land or buy supplies. Planters imagined continuation of the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy: merchants supplying landlords, landlords supplying laborers, and laborers producing crops from which their scant wages and planters' profits would come, allowing planters to repay advances. Lien laws frequently had unintended consequences, however, thwarting the planter fantasy of mastery without slavery. The newly freed workers(54-D), seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants(54-D) for supplies. Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence.

Question #54. 563-03 (23830-!-item-!-188;#058&000563-03)

The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?
先定位在戰前, 然後往後找merchants的作為, 終於在However的下一句提到, 不過他是以worker為主詞, merchants為受詞.

(A) They sought to preserve pre-Civil War social conditions.
(B) Their numbers in the legislatures had been diminished.
(C) Their businesses had suffered from a loss of collateral.
(D) They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves.
(E) Their profits had declined because planters defaulted on debts for supply advances.
merchants他們的獲利下滑了, 因為蓄奴者拖欠作為生活支出的預付款負債. No. 沒說

[chris8888]

Essay #17. 639 (23835-!-item-!-188;#058&00639-00)

In the 1980's, astronomer Bohdan Paczynski proposed a way of determining whether the enormous dark halo constituting the outermost part of the Milky Way galaxy is composed of MACHO's (massive compact halo objects), which are astronomical objects too dim to be visible. (天文學家--BP提出一個決定是否巨大的黑洞構成銀河的最外層的方法, 此銀河由MACHO所組成, 它是一個太暗的物體而不能被觀測到) Paczynski reasoned that if MACHO's make up this halo, a MACHO would occasionally drift in front of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a bright galaxy near the Milky Way.(P推論 : 如果MACHO構成黑洞, .....) The gravity of a MACHO that had so drifted, astronomers agree, would cause the star's light rays, which would otherwise diverge, to bend together so that, as observed from Earth, the star would temporarily appear to brighten, a process known as microlensing. Because many individual stars are of intrinsically variable brightness, some astronomers have contended that the brightening of intrinsically variable stars can be mistaken for microlensing. However, whereas the different colors of light emitted by an intrinsically variable star are affected differently when the star brightens, all of a star's colors are equally affected by microlensing. Thus, if a MACHO magnifies a star's red light tenfold, it will do the same to the star's blue light and yellow light.(MACHO會放大三種顏色的行星的光 ...) Moreover, it is highly unlikely that a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud will undergo microlensing more than once, because the chance that a second MACHO would pass in front of exactly the same star is minuscule.(再者, ... 細節內容略 ....)

總結 :
1. BP提出決定黑洞 ... 的方法 ...
2. BP推論 ....
3. 內容細節的陳述 ....

Question #57. 639-06 (23973-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-06)

The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) outlining reasons why a particular theory is no longer credited by some astronomers
沒友提到理論
(B) presenting data collected by a researcher in response to some astronomers' criticism of a particular line of reasoning
沒有批評
(C) explaining why a researcher proposed a particular theory and illustrating how influential that theory has been
沒有理論, 也沒有什麼提到什麼影響力
(D) showing how a researcher's theory has been used to settle a dispute between the researcher and some astronomers
沒有理論, 沒有爭端
(E) describing a line of reasoning put forth by a researcher and addressing a contention concerning that line of reasoning
推理被提出, 有關推理的主張

[amyliang]

Essay #16. 563 (23692-!-item-!-188;#058&00563-00)

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enacted crop lien laws stipulating that those who advanced cash or supplies necessary to plant a crop would receive, as security, a claim, or lien, on the crop produced. In doing so, planters, most of whom were former slaveholders, sought access to credit from merchants and control over nominally free laborers--former slaves freed by the victory of the northern Union over the southern Confederacy in the United States Civil War. They hoped to reassure merchants that despite the emancipation of the slaves, planters would produce crops and pay debts. Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers, former slaves who were without money to rent land or buy supplies. Planters imagined continuation of the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy: merchants supplying landlords, landlords supplying laborers, and laborers producing crops from which their scant wages and planters' profits would come, allowing planters to repay advances. Lien laws frequently had unintended consequences, however, thwarting the planter fantasy of mastery without slavery. The newly freed workers, seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies. Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence.

Question #54. 563-03 (23830-!-item-!-188;#058&000563-03)

The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?

(A) They sought to preserve pre-Civil War social conditions.
(B) Their numbers in the legislatures had been diminished.
(C) Their businesses had suffered from a loss of collateral.
(D) They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves.
(E) Their profits had declined because planters defaulted on debts for supply advances.

答案(D)

請教一下，是從哪裡可以推出這個答案呢？

這一篇文章對我來說真的是很難懂
我已經看了好幾遍，還是看不懂lien law的用意到底是什麼
感覺好像是說原本是要來拐彎抹角的控制黑奴，可是反而讓黑奴藉此翻身
是這樣嗎？如果是，又是怎麼做的？

請問喔 你這個 "Prep T2"這個文章是那裡來的啊?那裡可以download的到呢???