OG48-7

[agk99]

Passage 7
六錯二
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.
第一段：陳述二件相互對比的事件，快速讀過即可

The transformation in social values implicit(含蓄的) in juxtaposing(並列) these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child.(作者引述一位或一本書的看法) During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful”(呼應本段最後一句的童工現象) child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as(伴隨著) reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo(禁忌).
第二段總結：作者引用一本新書的概念，指出本來兒童是有工作的，後來法律限制不能工作，因此是從有用的變成無用的，但事實上，在情感上兒童總被父母視為無價之寶。這觀念到了二十世紀初就己完全在社會中普遍開來

For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion(侵蝕) of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality(死亡率), and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet “expulsion(驅逐) of children from the ‘cash nexus (連繫),’..although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass(完全的) business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; This sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless(嚴苛的) corruption of human values by the marketplace.
第三段介紹這個兒童價值觀念的轉換是起因於產業因素、出生率、死亡率、家庭情感等...還有大眾普遍對市場態度的改變，因為對兒童神聖化。

In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,”(特別注意，這是指Zelizer與一些SE的觀點不同 take issue with = disagree) who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.第四段則是本文畫龍點睛之處，作者雖然指出SE會認為一切都該是從經濟角度出發，因此既然兒童不工作，就沒有價值，但事實上，社會價值的轉變，反而讓兒童的價值更為巨大。注意take issue with這個片語，是disagree的意思，表示作者、書的作者都和SE的看法相反

37. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the (推論題)
(A) earnings of the person at time of death
(B) wealth of the party causing the death
(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death
(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed
(E) amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed
見本文第一段，一個小時死亡時未獲賠償，就是因為他沒辦法給家裡賺錢

38. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who (推論題)
(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection
(B) required constant supervision while working
(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family
(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school
(E) were financial burdens assumed for the good of society
答案為C，見本文第二段

39. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage? (細節題)
(A) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
(B) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
(C) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual
(D) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.
(E) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental-death cases.
答案為B，見本文第四段

*40. The primary purpose of the passage is to (主題類型題)
(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield
(B) present the central thesis of a recent book
(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon
(E) encourage further work on a neglected historical topic
答案是B，要小心不見得每題都是依態度做題

41. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century? (細節題)
(A) The average size of families grew considerably
(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.
(E) Family members became more economically dependent on each other.
答案是C

*42. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
(A) the mortality rate
(B) the nature of industry
(C) the nature of the family
(D) attitudes toward reform movements
(E) attitudes toward the marketplace
答案是D，見本文第三段，ABCE都能找到，就是D沒提，提到reformer是第二段，與本題不合，B選項在第三段第一句就有提到
本文結論
社會科學類型文章普遍不難，但會考一堆推論題
本文應該是Argument的文章，仍然是結尾更為重要
社會科學類型文章的主題型問題還是不好答，是否該用態度做題相當難拿捏
細節題的定位還是不簡單，要特別小心

[Grace]

Passage 7
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the
accidental death of their two year old was told that since
the child had made no real economic contribution to the
family, there was no liability (責任,義務) for damages. In contrast,
(5) less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three
year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages
and won an award of $750,000.

總結: 指出1896 child accidental-death 不理賠, 但1979年卻可以獲理賠
*時間點變化及關聯性 1876 沒理賠
1979 獲理賠
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast No liability for damages VS won an award
作者態度用詞 real, liability, In contrast, won
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Identify and contrast
Attitude
1. critical
2. questioning
3. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
4. enthusiastic
5. approval\disapproval Neutral
轉折語氣 In contrast
choice of word real, liability, In contrast, won
Opposite
Relation





The transformation in social values implicit(暗指的) in juxta-
Posing(並列) these two incidents is the subject of Viviana
(10) Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child.
During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept
of the “useful” child who contributed to the family
economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion
of the “useless” child who, though producing no income
(15) for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet
considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established
among segments of the middle and upper classes by the
mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread through-
out society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth
(20) centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations
and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the
assumption that a child’s emotional value made child
labor taboo.
總結: 介紹Zelier 的 Pricing the Priceless Child.這本書所談論的主題: child old social value(extremetly costly) V.S present day social value (emotionally priceless)
*時間點變化及關聯性 Old view: the nineteenth century
New view: late-nineteenth and early-twentieth
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 *Emotionally pricelessthe assumptionchild labor regulations and compulsory education laws
*本段新舊理論可推導第一段因
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 This new view, these two incident
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係 During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept
of the “useful” child who contributed to the family
economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion
of the “useless” child who, though producing no income
for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet
considered emotionally “priceless.”
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept
of the “useful” child who contributed to the family
economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion
of the “useless” child who, though producing no income
for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet
considered emotionally “priceless.”
*compare/contrast Useful vs. useless.
Extremely costly vs emotionally priceless
作者態度用詞 Useful, useless, gradually, yet, though, extremely costly, emotionally priceless, this new view, introduce, in part, assumption, taboo
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6. identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea compare & contrast
Attitude
6. critical
7. questioning
8. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
9. enthusiastic
10. approval\disapproval Disapproval of old view
轉折語氣 though, yet
choice of word real, liability, In contrast, won


For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were
(25) many and complex. The gradual erosion(糜爛) of children’s
productive value in a maturing industrial economy,
the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child
mortality, and the development of the companionate
family (a family in which members were united by
(30) explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors
critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.
Yet “expulsion (排除)of children from the ‘cash nexus(connection),’...
although clearly shaped by profound changes in the
economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer
(35) maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacral-
ization’ (purification淨化) of children’s lives. ” Protecting children from the
crass(粗魯) business world became enormously important for
late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she
suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what
(40) they perceived as the relentless (無情的) corruption of human
values by the marketplace.

總結: 點出使chidren worth 改變的3個factor, 並指出這樣的改變是一個cultural process of sacralization.

*時間點變化及關聯性 late-nineteenth-century: protecting children from business world
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 3 factors: productive value, children mortality, companionate family
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 this sacralization
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係 Yet “expulsion (排除)of children from the ‘cash nexus(connection),’... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacral-
ization’ (purification淨化) of children’s lives. ”
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 Protecting children from the crass(粗魯) business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless (無情的) corruption of human values by the marketplace.

*compare/contrast Yet, rather than
作者態度用詞 Many and complex, maturing, especially, critical, clearly shaped, profound, sacralization, important, resist, relentless corruption
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6. identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Refute economic value, explain sacralization
Attitude
11. critical
12. questioning
13. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
14. enthusiastic
15. approval\disapproval critical
轉折語氣 Yet, although
choice of word Many and complex, maturing, especially, critical, clearly shaped, profound, sacralization, important, resist, relentless corruption


In stressing the cultural determinants(決定因素) of a child’s
worth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new
“sociological economics,” who have analyzed such tradi-
(45) tionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, educa-
tion, and health solely in terms of their economic deter-
minants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces
in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists
tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by
(50) the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is
highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead
the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to
transform price. As children became more valuable in
emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “ sur-
(55) render” value on the market, that is, the conversion(轉換) of
their intangible worth into cash terms, became much
greater.
總結: 藉由反駁sociologicial economics 所強調的economic gain來強調cultural determinants
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 This approachsociological economics
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係 Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead
the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to
transform price.
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 Allowing only a small role for cultural forces
in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists
tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by
(50) the principle of maximizing economic gain.
*compare/contrast Sociological economics VS social/cultural value
作者態度用詞 stressing, take issue with, sociological economics, solely, preference, only small role, economic gain, highly critical, argue, exchange, surrender, instead, opposite,
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6. identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Refute sociological economics,
Attitude
16. critical
17. questioning
18. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
19. enthusiastic
20. approval\disapproval critical
轉折語氣
choice of word stressing, take issue with, sociological economics, solely, preference, only small role, economic gain, highly critical, argue, exchange, surrender, instead, opposite,



37. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the
(A) earnings of the person at time of death(no real economics contribution)
(B) wealth of the party causing the death
(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death
(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed
(E) amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed

38. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who
(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection
(B) required constant supervision(監督) while working
(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family(the useful child who contributed to the family economy)
(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school
(E) were financial burdens assumed for the good of society
本篇作者最令人詬病就是整篇是以新的觀點去看事情,不能用那個時間點去看事情,因為會死
39. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?
(A) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
(B) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
(C) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual
(D) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.
(E) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental-death cases.

40. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield
(B) present the central thesis of a recent book
(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon
(E) encourage further work on a neglected historical topic

41. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?
(A) The average size of families grew considerably
(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.
(E) Family members became more economically dependent on each other.

42. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
(A) the mortality rate
(B) the nature of industry
(C) the nature of the family
(D) attitudes toward reform movements
(E) attitudes toward the marketplace

*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 42
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast 37 38 39 41
作者態度用詞
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea
Attitude
21. critical
22. questioning
23. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
24. enthusiastic
25. approval\disapproval
轉折語氣
choice of word
有關theory的用此描述

[scujean]

我的翻譯+大衛指正

The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.[/quote]

社會價值的轉換（隱含在上述並列的例子）是Viviana Zelizer的書（定價無價的孩子）的主題。在19世紀，他認為這觀念（對家庭經濟有貢獻的有用孩子）逐漸讓步給現代的觀念（無價值的孩子仍然是在情感上被認為無價的，雖然孩子沒有賺錢而且極度昂貴的之於他的父母）。這新觀念，建立在部分的中等和上面的階級在18世紀中期，這幼童的觀念散佈於這社會（在19世紀末和20世紀初期，）當改革者引進孩子勞動法規和義務教育法（此法基於這假設，假設孩子的情緒價值讓孩子勞動忌諱的）

[davidlee0222]

這段我看的似懂非懂，把他翻成中文，有錯的地方，請幫我糾正，謝謝

The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.

這改變的社會價值（隱含在上述並列的例子）是Viviana Zelizer的書（定價無價的孩子）的主題。在19世紀，他認為這假設（對家庭經濟有貢獻的有用孩子）逐漸讓步給現代的觀念（無價值的孩子仍然是在情感上被認為無價的，雖然孩子沒有賺錢而且極度昂貴的之於他的父母）。這新觀念，建立在部分的中等和上面的階級在18世紀中期，這幼童的觀念散佈於這社會（在19世紀末和20世紀初期，）當改革者引進孩子勞動法規和義務教育法（此法基於這假設，假設孩子的情緒價值讓孩子勞動忌諱的）←綠筆是我覺得不太清楚的地方

”這本好書的主題是:這兩事件並列比對的’社會價值的轉換(轉換是主軸)’”

concept是觀念
不是假設 功能不一樣
假設是沒有講出來的才叫假設
尤其做邏輯時要注意


用輕功飄一下比較清楚

詞句有層級性
主軸第一級 次要補述第二級 有時會有第三級甚至第四級
主軸詞句用紅色 關鍵主詞及動詞粗體
次要補述句用藍色
若有第三級用紫色
剩下沒標的一般字不是第四級不然就不用看
還沒有看過第五級的

The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.

[scujean]

In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.
畫綠線的地方，完全不知道在講什麼…
我翻出我的想法：
這些社會學家(以個人偏好的形式，允許文化力量的一點點作用)傾向把所有人類行為視為應用的，以最大化利益原則..
請指教..

[davidlee0222]

In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.
畫綠線的地方，完全不知道在講什麼…
我翻出我的想法：
這些社會學家(以個人偏好的形式，允許文化力量的一點點作用)傾向把所有人類行為視為應用的，以最大化利益原則..
請指教..

Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences”, these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain

dangling modifier
Allowing開啟的分詞句構是在補述一個狀態
"在...狀況下"

主詞是these sociologists
"在[(這些社會學家)只允許'文化外力'在'形成個人喜好'的過程中扮演很小部分的角色]的狀態下,

這些社會學家傾向認定"所有人類行為"都主要導因於"經濟所得極大化原理"

簡單講就是這些豬頭覺得文化是屁
人滿腦子都為了賺錢

慢慢練習
就會把很複雜的語句變成很簡單的解讀
jean非常認真
幾乎是唯一有把這些惹人厭的東西認真下功夫的人
牛分指日可待

[davidlee0222]

Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences”, these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain


記得當初就是研究到忽然發現句中的某些關鍵詞會放大
"浮凸"起來 嚇了一大跳
然後就發明了輕功

有個很好用的方法
句子下面用ABCDE標出各詞段
然後在中文下面標12345
比對一下順序
就會看出句構的奧秘精髓

[rurulu]

The transformation in social values implicit(含蓄的) in juxtaposing(並列) these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child.(作者引述一位或一本書的看法) During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful”(呼應本段最後一句的童工現象) child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as(伴隨著) reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo(禁忌).
第二段總結：作者引用一本新書的概念，[b]指出本來兒童是有工作的，後來法律限制不能工作，因此是從有用的變成無用的，但事實上，在情感上兒童總被父母視為無價之寶。這觀念到了二十世紀初就己完全在社會中普遍開來[/b]

請問要從哪裡看出小孩本來是有工作的阿？