OG48-8

[agk99]

Passage 8

Prior to 1975(暗示新舊前後對比), union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers(辦事員), most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been(便於發展組織的因素，不是A就是B) either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy, Receptivity(易於接受) to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration(難句：員工加入工會組織的意願，也是部分考慮因素), but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction(管轄權), the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity(就不管員工的意願啦). The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off(挑撥) unionized against non unionized workers(難句：政客和老闆們便會挑撥參不參加的關係), and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature(難句：有組織的工會團體在談判桌及立法機構都是意味著力量). In localities(位置) where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered(分散) in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.(難句：至於員工很少，據點分散，或是對參加工會不感興趣的地區，75年前是沒有工會的)第一段總結：講的是1970年以前的工會組織及運作型態，暗示那以前沒有女人，或是女人工作的很少，導致工會組織仍以男性為主
(補充注釋：考了一題問為何要fully unionized，回去第一段定位，這裡說的是結果，回溯做這件事的目的，就是把員工不分青紅皂白的全數強制加入工會)
But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers, (之前快速讀即可)Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while(重要轉折字) in the white-collar occupations(白領工人，也就是clerical worker) the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
第二段總結；75年以前都是由多重職業工會來組織員工團結，但之後卻開始有很多自發性政府職員的參與，但其中又以clerical的參與最積極，到1980年，至少這部分再增加20%加入工會組織

What accounts for this upsurge(急速增長) in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf(代表女人的利益), thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however(重要轉折、必考，前後相對應關係要看熟), identifies the primary catalyst-the structural change in the multioccupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years(提及一個全新的時間), the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar.(關鍵，工會組織結構上的重大改變) Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
第三段總結：Clerical大量增加，其中最主要原因就是女性的增加，這種增加催化組織的變化，不但讓政府機關組織的工會結構有重大改變，當然也暗示私有企業在這部分不如公部門

*43. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were 細節題(A) professionals
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers
(E) blue-collar workers
答案給A，相當令人意外，請大家給予解釋，難道是比例高的就是most likely to belong...

*44. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) in order to account for why 寫作技巧題
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization
本題就直接定位，也算是細節題之一，但答案給E，看來還是得精準定位才行

*45. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23) would be strengthened if the author 寫作技巧題、難題(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared(絕對不選)，跳 the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance
答案給E，請大家幫忙解釋，我的看法則是認為，D選項中的before是講之前，但題目則是問since之後，所以D選項不合。當然E不好選，但姑且可以視為在70年代加入工會的理由消失，顯示必有new strategy....

46. According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT 細節題取非
(A) the number of clerical workers in that group
(B) the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered over several workplaces
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization
(E) whether all the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
提到女性的部份己是第二段，所以講1975之前，就看第二段就可找不對的

*47. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions
答案給C，選項B是有明確提到，但是落在第三段後半。本題正確解法要直接看thereby，這是考第三段的因果關係

*48. The main concern of the passage is to 主題類型題
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers
答案給D，問題是若本題要選D，那麼就得找出作者態度，但作者有態度嗎?

本文總結
標準的文章容易、題目刁鑽的案例
推論推理或寫作技巧題真要考起來，難度會是很恐怖的
這類的題目，社會科學特別是講勞工福利的，定位要做，而且要精準，有時差一行就掛了
熟悉因果關係的感覺，並且弄清分析類型及對比類型文章的差異，兩者倒底有無態度

[bear]

43.因為文中明顯有提到1977這一年份....所以我就直接選比例最高的....
不過,有點納悶的是....這樣加起來不就超過100%嗎??? 這是怎麼回事?

45.這題的確是難題....我也想了好久....
我的理解是: (D)若還要指出在1970前的 public sector clerical workers 有增加, 那第二段就不用提出那new strategy了....因為這樣就變成public sector clerical workers 在1970之前之後都會增加, 那這個new strategy也沒有明顯作用了....

46.我的理解是在第一段直接找....而且開頭地一句話就說,女性大部分都被限制了...所以that's answer....

[Grace]

Passage 8
Prior to 1975 (點出1975年之前是如此,1975後情況已改變), union efforts to organize public-sector
clerical workers, most of whom are women, were some-
what limited. The factors favoring unionization drives
seem to have been either the presence of large numbers
(5) of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the
effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or
two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively
easy. Receptivity (接納) to unionization on the workers’ part
was also a consideration, but when there were large
(10) numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only
unorganized group in a jurisdiction(合法), the multioccupa-
tional unions would often try to organize them regard-
less of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic
reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politi-
(15) cians and administrators might play off(挑撥)unionized
against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the
conviction(堅信) that a fully unionized public work force
meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the
legislature. In localities(場所) where clerical workers were few (與large number 對比)
(20) in number, were scattered in several workplaces (與concentration of small number對比), and
expressed no interest in being organized, unions more
often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period. (呼應Line 1 prior to 1975 and somewhat limited).
總結: 說明1975年之前, clerical workers (大多指女性員工)工會組成受到限制的因素
1. few in number 2.scatter in several workplace 3. express no interest
*時間點變化及關聯性 Prior to 1975; pre-1975 period
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 Organized public sector worker limited 1. clerical workers few in number 2.scatter in several workplace 3. express no interest

*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係 The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off(挑撥)unionized
against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the conviction(堅信) that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature.

*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 Receptivity (接納) to unionization on the workers’ part
was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only
unorganized group in a jurisdiction(合法), the multioccupa-
tional unions would often try to organize them regard-
less of the workers’ initial receptivity.
*compare/contrast *Large number (Line 4) VS few in number (Line 19)
*concentration of small number( Line 6) VS scatter in several workplaces (Line 20)
作者態度用詞 Prior to, worth, relatively easy, somewhat limited, but, only, either or,also, might play off, more often than not, fully, per-1975 period, favoring, would often, strategic reasoning
choice of word Initial, limited, jurisdiction, regardless of, based on, both, ignore

文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Identify and explain
Attitude
46. critical
47. questioning
48. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
49. enthusiastic
50. approval\disapproval neutral
Opposite
Relation


But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has
emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical
(25) workers were represented by a labor organization,
compared with 46 percent of government professionals,
44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and
41 percent of government service workers. Since then,
however, the biggest increases in public-sector unioniza-
(30) tion have been among clerical workers. Between 1977
and 1980, the number of unionized government workers
in blue-collar and service occupations increased only
about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations
the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers
(35) in particular, the increase was 22 percent (再次強調clerical worker
increase is the biggest increase.)
總結: clerical workers 工會組成the biggest increase


*時間點變化及關聯性 mid 1970’s, between 1977 and 1980
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 The biggest increaseclerical workers unionization
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast
作者態度用詞 different strategy, however, since then, the biggest increase, only, in particular,
choice of word represented by, biggest, while, compared with,
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Data, explain
Attitude
51. critical
52. questioning
53. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
54. enthusiastic
55. approval\disapproval neutral
Opposite
Relation

What accounts for this upsurge(=increase) in unionization
among clerical workers?(作者自問自答) First, more women(呼應第一段所提most of
whom are women) have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them
plan to remain working until retirement age. Conse-
(40) quently, they are probably more concerned than their
predecessors(前人) were about job security and economic bene-
fits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legit-
imizing(宣布合法) the economic and political activism of women on
their own behalf, thereby(表因果) producing( SC補充:and省略表因果)
a more positive atti-
(45) tude toward unions. The absence of any comparable(比得上的)
increase in unionization among private-sector clerical
workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst (觸媒)-the
structural change in the multioccupational public-sector
unions themselves (此具有明顯因果關係 absencestructural change).
Over the past twenty years, the occu-
(50) pational distribution(分配) in these unions has been steadily
shifting from predominantly(支配) blue-collar to predomi-
nantly white-collar. Because(因果推演) there are far more women
in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of
female members has accompanied the occupational shift
(55) and has altered union policy-making in favor of (呼應第一段Line3 old strategy) orga-
nizing women and addressing women’s issues.

總結: 本段解釋clerical worker unionization “upsurge”的原因.
Women’s movement succeedpositive attitude toward unionoccupational shift
alter policy-makingfavor of organizing women and addressing women issue.

*時間點變化及關聯性 Over the past twenty years: blue collarwhite collar
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 *Women more concerned about job security and economic benefitsWomen’s movement succeedpositive attitude toward unionoccupational shift alter policy-makingfavor of organizing women and addressing women issue.
*absence of increase in unionization among clerical change structural change in multioccupational public sector union
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 Line 43: theywomen
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係 Because(因果推演) there are far more women
in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of
female members has accompanied the occupational shift
and has altered union policy-making in favor of orga-
nizing women and addressing women’s issues.

*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast
作者態度用詞 Probably, consequently, thereby, more, also, however, primary, comparable, steadily, shift, predominately, in favor of, until, on their own behalf,
choice of word Upsurge, more concerned, predecessor, identify, movement, catalyst, accompanied, alter
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Analyze
Attitude
56. critical
57. questioning
58. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
59. enthusiastic
60. approval\disapproval neutral
Opposite
Relation

43. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were
(A) professionals (L 26 46 percent)
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers
(E) blue-collar workers

44. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) in order to account for why
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization (Line 8-13)

45. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23 ) would be strengthened if the author

(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance

46. According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT
(A) the number of clerical workers in that group
(B) the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered over several workplaces
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization
(E) whether all the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized (Line 10-13)

47. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions (Line 42-45)
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions

48. The main concern of the passage is to
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers

*時間點變化及關聯性 43 46
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 44 47
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast 45
作者態度用詞
choice of word
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea
Attitude
61. critical
62. questioning
63. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
64. enthusiastic
65. approval\disapproval
Opposite
Relation

[QQcandy]

43. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were 細節(A) professionals
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers
(E) blue-collar workers
答案給A，相當令人意外，請大家給予解釋，難道是比例高的就是most likely to belong... ------> 比例較高才較可能是工會得一員　　　
*45. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23) would be strengthened if the author 寫作技巧題、難題(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared(絕對不選)，跳 the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance
答案給E，請大家幫忙解釋，我的看法則是認為，D選項中的before是講之前，但題目則是問since之後，所以D選項不合。當然E不好選，但姑且可以視為在70年代加入工會的理由消失，顯示必有new strategy....

------> 我是覺的因為第二段出現訊號字　but 表示第一段及第二段的資訊是相反的, 而且它又出現　different 的字眼, 所以我們要找出選項中表示第一段與第二段不同的資訊, 所以所有選項中只有　A 與　E 是比較對的, 但　A 與　E 比較, E 比較優, A 中的　"more" 並非　different　且　相反的資訊　

[Behemoth]

恩...QQ你45題的想法不錯喔~
我那時還是ae之間考慮好久...
不過照你所說因為是要加強new的,那麼的確是e所說old重要性下降較好

而且其實a中說要describe more fully the attitude...
那attitude不就是變positive了嗎....再多describe似乎也沒有題目要的加強之效果

[bear]

恩...QQ你45題的想法不錯喔~
我那時還是ae之間考慮好久...
不過照你所說因為是要加強new的,那麼的確是e所說old重要性下降較好

而且其實a中說要describe more fully the attitude...
那attitude不就是變positive了嗎....再多describe似乎也沒有題目要的加強之效果

B桑.....
我叫熊妹....不是QQ....
我沒有別名ㄛ~~~
(H)

[QQcandy]

噓~ 不要告訴熊妹其實是她有老人癡呆　 :P

呵呵

[魚]

挖哈哈哈阿

渾好笑 (Y)

[pcl12]

可以點一下４８題的答案Ｄ，如何看出analyze
只有找到limited.....

[agk99]

抱歉這是我貼的，現在才看到，回答pcl12
我的看法是要活用徐老師解題，但千萬別拘泥
老師講的確實可以解大多數，但還是得自己感受一下會更好
但遇到主旨題還是全部選項看完比較好

至於你指的48題，我想仔細看第三段的倒數第二句: over the past twenty years...."
可以解釋成是作者意見是能接受的

[vivid]

47. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions (Line 42-45)
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions

我想問e
因為文章最後一句話說的不就是e嗎
謝謝

[meefoo]

這題問果(consequence)
E是造成這個果的其中一因

[scujean]

藍筆處為大衛的指正

Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have beeneither the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against non unionized workers), and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.

畫線的地方對題意不是很清楚，可以幫我看一下嗎，謝謝。

1.The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy.
支持工會運動的因素是很多員工的存在(像在紐約城的員工)，這存在使工會運動值得努力，(支持工會運動的因素)是少數在一或二個地方的集中，像是醫院，這集中使得工會運動相當容易。 →The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been….and to make it worth the effort。這各句子to make 前面是否有省略and? ←錯，這句簡化看：The factors seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers to make it worth the effort...其中 as in New York City是插入句，it代替presence

2.The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against non unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power
這策略性的理由因根據(1)擔心(政府官員和行政官員可能會讓有加入工會和沒有加入工會的員工相互競爭) (2)信念(加入工會的公眾的勞動力量在過去代表力量。)←不知道我有沒有曲解題意..

[davidlee0222]

有史該痞嗎
這週很忙沒時間用打的說...
本週+下週期中考報告xN
帳號同咖啡店

[小花]

*45. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23) would be strengthened if the author 寫作技巧題、難題(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared(絕對不選)，跳 the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance
答案給E，請大家幫忙解釋，我的看法則是認為，D選項中的before是講之前，但題目則是問since之後，所以D選項不合。當然E不好選，但姑且可以視為在70年代加入工會的理由消失，顯示必有new strategy....


看OG上的解釋
我覺得OG的解釋是
作者若要強化new strategy的話
不只是提出新環境造就New strategy
還要提出舊環境如何變的不重要(弱化mid-1970 之前的)
因此更能強化new strategy

個人淺見 我也不知道這樣解釋清不清楚