GWD-12-Q4 to GWD-12-Q7:

[agk99]

GWD-12-Q4 to GWD-12-Q7:
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10) jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.

全文應可一氣呵成讀完，相信只要小心episodic-like與episodic的差別就可以作答了

[agk99]

GWD-12-Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations
C. present similarities between human memory and animal memory
D. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human
E. account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment
選B，B比E略勝一籌
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GWD-12-Q5:
According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays

A. recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” information
B. are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time
C. choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time
D. choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available
E. prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period
Answer: 選C
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GWD-12-Q6:
The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to

A. choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade
B. unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions
C. bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
D. reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly
E. distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event
Answer:選C
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***GWD-12-Q7:
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

A. Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
B. Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
C. The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
D. Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.
E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
Answer: 其實我選了E，但答案是A。AE長的好像，有人可以解說一下嗎
我選E是因為第六題而來，第六題強調的是 binding的概念，那麼不就暗示Tulving的學說是一種binding的狀況嗎?

[Behemoth]

綜觀全文
文中是說不知道鳥類到底有沒有e.m
所以可能有也可能沒有
那麼就只能選a不能選e

[agk99]

一語驚醒夢中人，典型的ETS迷惑選項
謝謝B爺

[shopcat]

瞎拼貓再請教為何不選C?

[agk99]

簡單說就是
文章只談能不能查出動物的能力
而不是這個能力的準確度

[shine822]

綜觀全文
文中是說不知道鳥類到底有沒有e.m
所以可能有也可能沒有
那麼就只能選a不能選e

Q7. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

A. Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

原諒我認為 T 的想法可能與鳥無關，這選項會對的關鍵應該是因為在1~3行 The term“episodic memory”was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity

T先生曾經說過只有人類才有 episodic memory，再加上後來 C 先生的鳥類實驗證明，於是答案 A 呼之欲出：動物們確實沒有episodic memory。

不過這樣解法好像有點耍賤招 ，但看在最近ETS還蠻愛出破折號、舉例說明、括弧的份上，這種特殊字，應該算見怪不怪吧？
坦白說，我也不清楚，這樣解對不對？盼大大指教。

不過我倒是很想問 E，因為看起來似乎也沒什麼問題，因為 6~8行 as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences 和31~35行 Such experiments cannot reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term“episodic-like” memory.
的確說明了T和C都認為只會蒐集資訊都不算 distinctive feature of episodic memory，不是嗎？
難道說 E 是錯在T先生認同，但 C 先生可能覺得“episodic-like” memory在 feature 方面是類似的，所以.....（Sorry 有點解不下去）。

還是請大大出手，到底 答案 E 是怎麼死的？除了比A差之外的理由喔∼感激不盡

[cocaine]

The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity,
as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently

Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.

從上面2段可以知道T認為memory是人類的能力,且這種能力非單單靠簡單的過去動作就能表達.
C做完實驗則認為實驗中鳥類行為那只是一種類似行為,表示說非真正memory能力.表示說實驗無法證明出M.

所以C,認為Memory是一種獨特特徵.
至於T則不清楚,因為文中只有提到他是想要找出一種規則,去驗證鳥類也有該能力,實驗無法證實.
E說結合各式資訊並非是Ｍ的特色.<==錯誤, C認為是,可是T文中沒說.

我覺得這樣才對..

[shine822]

The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity,
as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently.
所以C,認為Memory是一種獨特特徵.
至於T則不清楚,因為文中只有提到他是想要找出一種規則,去驗證鳥類也有該能力,實驗無法證實.
E說結合各式資訊並非是Ｍ的特色.<==錯誤, C認為是,可是T文中沒說.
我覺得這樣才對..

恩！！謝謝你∼∼我懂了∼∼

我想我是誤會 T先生 use information acquired through past experiences （單純使用來自過去經驗的資訊）直接等同C先生的 binding (結合）of different kinds of information 和 retrieving （追憶）the information （指的是 what, where, when)， 原來就是這裡大不相同呀∼∼嘻嘻∼


真是非常非常感謝你呢！！！

[best555tw]

第7題
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
the ability to recollect specific past events,
to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences


請教A
既然Tulving 認為episodic memory是uniquely human capacity
為什麼還會覺得animals 是 not convlusive
應該是conclusive 才對
如果是not conclusive 就不是 uniquely了
?????

E好像比較好

[davidslin]

第7題
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
the ability to recollect specific past events,
to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences


請教A
既然Tulving 認為episodic memory是uniquely human capacity
為什麼還會覺得animals 是 not convlusive
應該是conclusive 才對
如果是not conclusive 就不是 uniquely了
?????

E好像比較好

uniquely human capacity只是T個人的見解,並不代表是一定的真理
而之後C的研究顯示了鳥類有類似episodic memory的能力,但因為實驗的提供的證據不足,不能證實鳥類是不是也有同人類一樣的episodic memory能力,所以才用not conclusive,文中並沒有提出鳥類完全沒有同人類episodic memory能力的結論喔

[modern]

GWD-12-Q4 to GWD-12-Q7:
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences.

T先生EM是提出人類特有能力,EM並非單純依據過去獲得的經驗,而是" 回憶特殊事件" "時光回溯"云云XD
Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10) jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event.

C先生用J鳥的學習事件測試鳥有沒有該能力
Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when.

實驗結果: J鳥能力包含 可以保持記憶 (但沒說這能當鳥有EM的證據)，像是一但蟋蟀儲存太久 J鳥就會轉變喜好去吃花生 而且還保留著儲存食物地點時間以及是何種食物的記憶 -->第六題就是在講 J鳥可以可以記憶一個事件中多個aspect, 關鍵句子在第17行
Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.
但此實驗無法顯示J鳥在腦袋找資訊的時候有去經歷"時光回溯"
C先生只好說這叫做 "類E" 記憶

好比類戲劇不是戲劇
玫瑰朣鈴眼永遠不是戲劇
全文應可一氣呵成讀完，相信只要小心episodic-like與episodic的差別就可以作答了

簡單翻了一下

[modern]

順道一提 我再作第七題時也是長考

後來我自己覺得的關鍵點是 A講的是兩人共同同意意見
E講的是C先生個人意見

[cimim]

恩 因為在GWD 18裡面也有一樣的文章 不過是不一樣的題目
所以我就直接用這帖回了

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GWD 18-Q8:
According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they

A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food

答案D

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GWD 18-Q9:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

A. the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
B. the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C. Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
D. Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E. Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories

答案B

12-7 是問 both Tulving and Clayton
這題是問 the author and Clayton


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GWD 18-Q10:
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

A. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.


這題答案是E 不懂為什麼要選E

[stilalala]

恩 因為在GWD 18裡面也有一樣的文章 不過是不一樣的題目
所以我就直接用這帖回了

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GWD 18-Q8:
According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they

A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food

答案D

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GWD 18-Q9:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

A. the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
B. the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C. Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
D. Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E. Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories

答案B

12-7 是問 both Tulving and Clayton
這題是問 the author and Clayton


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GWD 18-Q10:
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

A. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.


這題答案是E 不懂為什麼要選E

試著解解看 有錯請指正
注意文章line 18-20
these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.
整個實驗就是要看jays 在食物不足時,她們如何取得之前除藏的食物
ex:when , where ,what, freshness
如果不是在食物缺乏的時候做這個實驗
根本就不會有效果
因為食物很多, jays 根本就不需要去儲存食物
也不需要去記得什麼東西藏在那裡
更不用管crickets 不新鮮了 (這是自己舉例的,可能這樣講有點太誇張)

希望有點幫助^^