GWD2 Q2-Q4:

[agk99]

GWD2 Question 2 – 4:

(第一段) While the most abundant and dominant species within a particular ecosystem
is often crucial in perpetuating the ecosystem, a “keystone” species, here defined
as one whose effects are much larger than would be predicted from its appearance,
also play a vital role. But because complex species interactions may be involved,
identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in
the ecosystem is problematic.
這一篇是我少見短但又超級囉嗦的文章，文章一開頭就提到keystone species, 但又講到說去認出他identifying a keystone species，只能透過revome the species and observe the changes，會有很多的問題(problematic)，坦白說很抽象，讀完一次還不知所云


(第二段) It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a species as a keystone
species; for example, Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it
consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish
can be a dominant species. 講的是定義keystone species可以很明確，很容易


But such predation on a dominant or potentially dominant
species occurs in systems that do as well as in systems that do not have species that
play keystone roles. 講的則是不論有無keystone species，還是可以有食物連存在

Moreover, whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous
keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, in more wave-sheltered habitats
the impact of P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and at certain sites sand
burial is responsible for eliminating mussels. 這句也是挺詭異，雖然是whereas開頭，但這裡講的則是keystone species就算有，那麼食物連的狀況是很不明顯甚至是不存在的，然後又跑出沙子才是mussel的兇手


Keystone status appears to depend on (15行)
context, whether of particular geography or of such factors as community diversity
(for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust more of the remaining species
into keystone roles) and length of species interaction (since newly arrived species
in particular may dramatically affect ecosystem).(19行結束)

最後一句就真的沒輒了，只能說作者想像力如天馬行空，小弟腦子就只有金融商品，搞不懂他的生物世界，只有求助各位了

[agk99]

文章超級繞的題組，問題通常不難，請大家指教


Question 2:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. point out some of the differences between dominant and keystone species 這兩個是一併被討論的，文章並沒有談兩者差異
B. emphasize the complexity of the interactions that occur between two particular species 頂多是講有沒有複雜，而不是複雜的本身
C. detail the effect of a particular habitat on the role occupied by a certain keystone species (太過細節)
D. illustrate the importance of community diversity for the perpetuation of an ecosystem (太過細節)
E. explain some considerations involved in determining whether a species occupies a keystone role

Answer: E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 3:
Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the argument about keystone
status advanced in the last sentence of the passage (lines 15 – 19)?

A. A species of bat is primarily responsible for keeping insect populations within an
ecosystem low, and the size of the insect population in turn affects bird species
within that ecosystem. (講的是食物連的關係，不選)
B. A species of iguana occupies a keystone role on certain tropical islands, but does
not play that role on adjacent tropical islands that are inhabited by a greater number
of animal species.
C. Close observation of a savannah ecosystem reveals that more species occupy
keystone roles within that ecosystem than biologists had previously believed. (超出範圍)
D. As a keystone species of bee becomes more abundant, it has a larger effect on
the ecosystem it habits. (第一段才有這內容，也是超出範圍)
E. A species of mouse that occupies a keystone role in a prairie habitat develops
coloration patterns that camouflage it from potential predators. (最後一段沒有提及偽裝的問題)
Answer: B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 4:
The passage suggests which of the following about the identification of a species as
a keystone species?

A. Such an identification depends primarily on the species’ relationship to the dominant species. (關係搞錯了)
B. Such an identification can best be made by removing the species from a particular
ecosystem and observing changes that occur in the ecosystem. (第一段最後一句己經說這是有問題的，所以不選)
C. Such an identification is likely to be less reliable as an ecosystem becomes less diverse. (文章最後一段最後一句，若是become less diverse, 就會變得more reliable…..)
D. Such an identification seems to depend on various factors within the ecosystem.
E. Such an identification can best be made by observing predation behavior. (best不妥)

Answer: D

[kikisky]

原文部份：

Moreover, whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous
keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, in more wave-sheltered habitats
the impact of P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and at certain sites sand
burial is responsible for eliminating mussels. 這句也是挺詭異，雖然是whereas開頭，但這裡講的則是keystone species就算有，那麼食物連的狀況是很不明顯甚至是不存在的，然後又跑出沙子才是mussel的兇手

所以也只是證明出第一段最後一句：identifying……by removing……. and observing……… is problematic.

Keystone status appears to depend on(15行)
context,(背景、狀況) whether of particular geography or (context) of such factors as ①community diversity
(for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust(force) more of the remaining species
into keystone roles) and ②length of species interaction (since newly arrived species
in particular may dramatically affect ecosystem).(19行結束)
最後一句就真的沒輒了，只能說作者想像力如天馬行空，小弟腦子就只有金融商品，搞不懂他的生物世界，只有 求助各位了

∴造成keystone status的原因：
1. context of particular geography
2. context of such factors：①community diversity(原文括號後面是進一步說明)
[tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab][tab]②length of species interaction(原文括號後面是進一步說明)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question 3:
Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the argument about keystone
status advanced in the last sentence of the passage (lines 15 – 19)?

只有B選項提到與3個原因之一相關的概念：Q(數量)的變化造成的結果(原因2-1)

Question 4:
The passage suggests which of the following about the identification of a species as
a keystone species?

E. Such an identification can best be made by observing predation behavior. (best不妥)

大哥~這樣講不好吧??~~??(好像會教壞小朋友ㄟ~~~)(我罪孽深重~)
不選E的原因應該跟不選B的原因是一樣的↓

B. ............... (第一段最後一句己經說這是有問題的，所以不選)

[davidlee0222]

昨天回到一半當機了
今晚應該有空回這篇
文章不難
題目也沒啥印象
難的應該都會記得

[davidlee0222]

粉久沒飄給各位看了

先只看紅字主軸
進階者可同時掃過黑字
紫色是廢話補述掃過就好

While the most abundant and dominant species within a particular ecosystem
is often crucial in perpetuating the ecosystem, a “keystone” species, here defined
as one whose effects are much larger than would be predicted from its appearance,
also play a vital role. But because complex species interactions may be involved,
identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in
the ecosystem is problematic.

在講一個生物圈的角色概念叫"關鍵石頭"
有的生物圈除了有最重要的統治物種外
還會有某一物種是在扮演"關鍵石頭"的角色

而要辨認誰是這個石頭不太容易
因為物種間互動頻繁
光用移除法跟觀察法沒啥用

可預測下文是要講一個辨認關鍵石頭的新方法

(第二段) It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a species as a keystone
species ; for example, Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it
consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish
can be a dominant species.

用"特徵"來定義誰是關鍵石頭看起來不賴
例如PO通常就是"關鍵石頭"
因為牠會把M給吃了
而M若消失，海星就會成為"統治物種"

But such predation on a dominant or potentially dominant
species occurs in systems that do as well as in systems that do not have species that
play keystone roles.

但這樣的食物鏈關係在"沒有關鍵石頭的生物圈"裡也會發生

意思就是這招沒用


Moreover, whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous
keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, in more wave-sheltered habitats
the impact of P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and at certain sites sand
burial is responsible for eliminating mussels.

承接上句講用"特徵"來辨認關鍵石頭沒用

相對於PO是關鍵石頭的角色
在某些情況M會消失根本與PO無關
人是"沙子"殺的

還在賣關子
就是要講一種新的辨認法來找出誰才是"關鍵石頭"

Keystone status appears to depend on (15行)
context, whether of particular geography or of such factors as community diversity (for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust more of the remaining species
into keystone roles) and length of species interaction (since newly arrived species
in particular may dramatically affect ecosystem).

搞了半天是要依"情境"
不是僅由某地理、物種異化程度或物種互動的時期長短

括號裡都是廢話舉例掃過有印象就好

[soami]

粉久沒飄給各位看了

先只看紅字主軸
進階者可同時掃過黑字
紫色是廢話補述掃過就好

While the most abundant and dominant species within a particular ecosystem
is often crucial in perpetuating the ecosystem, a “keystone” species, here defined
as one whose effects are much larger than would be predicted from its appearance,
also play a vital role. But because complex species interactions may be involved,
identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in
the ecosystem is problematic.

在講一個生物圈的角色概念叫"關鍵石頭"
有的生物圈除了有最重要的統治物種外
還會有某一物種是在扮演"關鍵石頭"的角色

而要辨認誰是這個石頭不太容易
因為物種間互動頻繁
光用移除法跟觀察法沒啥用

可預測下文是要講一個辨認關鍵石頭的新方法

(第二段) It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a species as a keystone
species ; for example, Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it
consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish
can be a dominant species.

用"特徵"來定義誰是關鍵石頭看起來不賴
例如PO通常就是"關鍵石頭"
因為牠會把M給吃了
而M若消失，海星就會成為"統治物種"

括號裡都是廢話舉例掃過有印象就好

對不起大衛我對你說的：po是關鍵石頭這句話有點疑問，原句是說po is often
a keystone predator，我想的是：po是關鍵石頭的掠食者
，關鍵石頭應該指的是mussel populations。

還有which in the absence of this starfish can be dominant.
which應該是指代mussel populations，在缺乏海星的環境下，mussel populations就會成為統治物種。

另外我剛查了一下Pisaster ochraceus是指海星，應該是學名吧。

不知道對不對，大衛哥有錯誤請儘管指教。

[davidlee0222]

Question 2:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

文章主旨是要講關鍵石頭的辨認需依情境

A. point out some of the differences between dominant and keystone species
看到差異就錯了
不是在比蛇麼差異
是講關鍵石頭的辨認
"指出統治物種跟關鍵物種的一些差異"


B. emphasize the complexity of the interactions that occur between two particular species
看到"強調複雜性"就錯了
根本沒屁關係
"強調某兩物種互動關係的複雜度"

C. detail the effect of a particular habitat on the role occupied by a certain keystone species
看到"細數效果"就錯了
是再講如何辨認關鍵石頭
"細數被'某關鍵物種佔據角色'的某棲息地的效果"


D. illustrate the importance of community diversity for the perpetuation of an ecosystem
不是在講蛇麼重要性
是在講關鍵石頭如何辨認
"例證物種族群的多異性對延續生物體系的重要性"



E. explain some considerations involved in determining whether a species occupies a keystone role
解釋一些關於"辨別一物種是否為關鍵物種"所牽涉的衡量點
是滴
解釋一堆如何判別
但最終是依情境

Answer: E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question 3:

Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the argument about keystone
status advanced in the last sentence of the passage (lines 15 – 19)?
最後一句話在講是要依"情境"
某物種在某情境下是關鍵物種
但在其他情境下可能不是


A. A species of bat is primarily responsible for keeping insect populations within an
ecosystem low, and the size of the insect population in turn affects bird species
within that ecosystem.
一種蝙蝠維持昆蟲數量少
而昆蟲數量會影響鳥類

根本無關

B. A species of iguana occupies a keystone role on certain tropical islands, but does
not play that role on adjacent tropical islands that are inhabited by a greater number
of animal species.

一種I在熱帶島上是關鍵物種
但在亞熱帶島上不是

完全符合文中最後一句

C. Close observation of a savannah ecosystem reveals that more species occupy
keystone roles within that ecosystem than biologists had previously believed. (超出範圍)

細觀S生態圈發現
有"多於生物學家以前相信的數量"還多的物種是關鍵物種

完全沒提到不同情境有可能不是關鍵物種


D. As a keystone species of bee becomes more abundant, it has a larger effect on
the ecosystem it habits. (第一段才有這內容，也是超出範圍)

一種統治蜜蜂越多
對該地生態影響越大

也沒講到不同情境

E. A species of mouse that occupies a keystone role in a prairie habitat develops
coloration patterns that camouflage it from potential predators.

一種關鍵物種鼠
會變出某pattern來camouflage他的獵食者
無關情境

Answer: B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question 4:
The passage suggests which of the following about the identification of a species as
a keystone species?

辨認關鍵物種需依情境


A. Such an identification depends primarily on the species’ relationship to the dominant species.

依賴"與統治物種的關係"
無關


B. Such an identification can best be made by removing the species from a particular
ecosystem and observing changes that occur in the ecosystem.

最能用移除法跟觀察法
第一段說不行

C. Such an identification is likely to be less reliable as an ecosystem becomes less diverse.

當生態細相異性低時越不準
無關

D. Such an identification seems to depend on various factors within the ecosystem.

需依賴不同因素判斷
是滴

E. Such an identification can best be made by observing predation behavior.

最能依"獵食行為的觀察"
無關

Answer: D

[davidlee0222]

粉久沒飄給各位看了

先只看紅字主軸
進階者可同時掃過黑字
紫色是廢話補述掃過就好

While the most abundant and dominant species within a particular ecosystem
is often crucial in perpetuating the ecosystem, a “keystone” species, here defined
as one whose effects are much larger than would be predicted from its appearance,
also play a vital role. But because complex species interactions may be involved,
identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in
the ecosystem is problematic.

在講一個生物圈的角色概念叫"關鍵石頭"
有的生物圈除了有最重要的統治物種外
還會有某一物種是在扮演"關鍵石頭"的角色

而要辨認誰是這個石頭不太容易
因為物種間互動頻繁
光用移除法跟觀察法沒啥用

可預測下文是要講一個辨認關鍵石頭的新方法

(第二段) It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a species as a keystone
species ; for example, Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it
consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish
can be a dominant species.

用"特徵"來定義誰是關鍵石頭看起來不賴
例如PO通常就是"關鍵石頭"
因為牠會把M給吃了
而M若消失，海星就會成為"統治物種"

括號裡都是廢話舉例掃過有印象就好

對不起大衛我對你說的：po是關鍵石頭這句話有點疑問，原句是說po is often
a keystone predator，我想的是：po是關鍵石頭的掠食者
，關鍵石頭應該指的是mussel populations。

還有which in the absence of this starfish can be dominant.
which應該是指代mussel populations，在缺乏海星的環境下，mussel populations就會成為統治物種。

另外我剛查了一下Pisaster ochraceus是指海星，應該是學名吧。

不知道對不對，大衛哥有錯誤請儘管指教。

感謝S大提問
小弟看了一下PO是"關鍵的"獵食者
牠本身就是關鍵石頭
牠把M給吃了
因為這裡是要舉例關鍵石頭可由特徵辨認
是要舉PO

which必指前最接近名詞mussel populations沒錯
在缺乏PO的狀況下
M會變統治物種
難怪小弟覺得海星前少一個鬥號

謝謝S大ㄛ!



ㄣ~雞考時沒字典
要練習從文具結構及文章大意來判斷

[香波寶]

Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it
consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish can be a dominant species.
↑我覺得 soami 的解釋和大衛的解釋綜合來看就會很好~
第一句採大衛說，第二句採soami 說
(不過在缺乏海星的環境下，mussel populations就會成為統治物種。)

以下是我查到的解釋，供大家參考~
關鍵物種(Keystone species)此物種在生態系統中扮演一個關鍵性、唯一連結的角色，若此物種消失，則此系統將會失去平衡
關鍵捕食者(keystone predator)一個表現出對群聚中其他生物有重要調節能力的捕食者，利用降低有力競爭者的密度來維持群聚內的高度生物多樣性，因此不會有競爭排斥其他生物的現象

我覺得本文就是在講"關鍵"生物，至於是關鍵物種或是關鍵掠食者，那只是一個掠食與被掠關係。
海星常被舉例為keystone predator, 是由上而下的的關係，和keystone species由下而上的方式不相同~

[suechi915]

請問這些對於"關鍵"生物解釋有原文(英文)嗎?
謝嚕

我想這些可能只有在國外學生物的人才知道吧