[討論]OG passage46-socience

[訪客]

Passage 46
(This passage was written in 1984.)
It is now possible to hear a recording of Caruso’s singing that is far superior to any made during
his lifetime. A decades-old way-cylinder recording of this(Caruso’s singing) great operatic tenor(男高音) has been digitized,
and the digitized signal has been processed(處理) by computer to remove the extraneous sound, or
“noise,” introduced by the now “ancient”(跟現在做比較用詞) wax-cylinder recording process.

總結: Digitalization improve some defect of the ancient wax-cylinder recording process.
考點預測
1. ancient 背後隱含的意思
2. what is Caruso’s singing? great operatic tenor
3. why “noise,”?
4. 作者情緒態度用詞: far superior to, “ancient”
5. why Caruso’s singing that is far superior to any made duringhis lifetime=>digitalize
6. 對比:
a. the digitized signal has been processed(處理) by computer to remove the extraneous sound, or “noise,” introduced by the now “ancient”(跟現在做比較用詞) wax-cylinder recording process.
b. A decades-old way-cylinder recording of this(Caruso’s singing) great operatic tenor(男高音) has been digitized,


Topic sentence: Although(轉折語氣) this digital technique needs improvements, it represents a new and superior way of recording and processing sound which overcomes many of the limitations of analog(類比) recording. In analog recording systems, the original sound is represented as a continuous waveform created by
variations in the sound’s amplitude(振幅) over time(隨著時間). When analog playback systems reproduce this
waveform, however, they invariably(不變地) introduce distortions. First, the waveform produced during
playback differs somewhat from the original waveform. Second, the medium(媒介) that stores the analog
recording creates noise during playback(錄放裝置) which gets added to the recorded sounds.

總結: the defect of the analog recording.
1. 作者情緒態度用詞:although,
2. 對比: Although(轉折語氣) this digital technique needs improvements, it represents a new and superior way of recording and processing sound which overcomes many of the limitations of analog(類比) recording.



Digital recordings, by contrast, reduce the original sound to a series of discrete(獨立分離的) numbers that represent the sound’s waveform. Because the digital playback system “reads” only numbers, any noise and distortion that may accumulate during storage and manipulation(操控) of the digitized signal will have little effect: as long as the numbers remain recognizable, the original waveform will be reconstructed with little loss in quality. However(轉折), because the waveform is continuous, while its digital representation is composed of discrete numbers, it is impossible for digital systems to avoid
some distortion(還是無法完去避免). One kind of distortion, called “sampling error,” occurs if the sound is sample (i.e., its amplitude is measured) too infrequently, so that the amplitude changes more than one quantum (the smallest change in amplitude measured by the digital system) between samplings. In effect, the sound is changing too quickly for the system to record it accurately. A second form of distortion is “quantizing error,” which arises when the amplitude being measured is not a whole number of quanta, forcing the digital recorder to round off. Over the long term, these errors are
random, and the noise produced (a background buzzing) is similar to analog noise except(除了什麼之外) that it only occurs when recorded sounds are being reproduced.

總結:What is two defect of digitalized system? Compare with the defect with analog system and digitalize systems.
1.轉折語氣: by contrast, However, except
2.作者情緒及態度用詞:
3.相同點:noise but except(除了什麼之外) that it only occurs when recorded sounds are being reproduced.
4.因果: Because the digital playback system “reads” only numbers, any noise and distortion that may accumulate during storage and manipulation(操控) of the digitized signal will have little effect

272. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the first paragraph to the passage as
a whole?
(A) The first paragraph introduces a general thesis(topic) that is elaborated on in detail elsewhere in
the passage.
(B) The first paragraph presents a concrete instance of a problem that is discussed elsewhere
in the passage.
(C) The first paragraph describes a traditional process that is contrasted unfavorably with a
newer process described elsewhere in the passage.
(D) The first paragraph presents a dramatic example of the potential of a process that is
described elsewhere in the passage.
(E) The first paragraph describes a historic incident that served as the catalyst for
developments described elsewhere in the passage.

273. According the passage, one of the ways in which analog recording systems differ from digital
recording systems is that analog systems
(A) can be used to reduce background noise in old recordings
(B) record the original sound as a continuous waveform
(C) distort the original sound somewhat
(D) can avoid introducing extraneous and nonmusical sounds
(E) can reconstruct the original waveform with little loss inquality

274. Which of the following statements about the numbers by which sound is represented in a
digital system can be inferred from the passage?
(A) They describe the time interval between successive sounds in a passage of music.
(B) They model large changes in the amplitude of the initial sound with relatively poor
precision.
(C) They are slightly altered each time they are read by the playback apparaturs.
(D) They are not readily altered by distortion and noise accumulated as the digital signal is
stored and manipulated.
(E) They are stored in the recording medium in small groups that can be read simultaneously
by the playback apparatus.

275. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the digital approach to the
processing of sound?
(A) It was developed in competition with wax-cyclinder recording technology.
(B) It has resulted in the first distortion-free playback system.
(C) It has been extensively applied to nonmusical sounds.
(D) It cannot yet process music originally recorded on analog equipment.
(E) It is not yet capable of reprocessing old recordings in a completely distortion-free manner.


*比較相同點相異點 273,275
因果 274

[James]

隱藏檔可供練習

[micht]

辛苦了 James 感謝分享

[panda]

可以請教一下274題是怎麼推論出來的嗎？

[nexxt0722]

274. Which of the following statements about the numbers by which sound is represented in a
digital system can be inferred from the passage?
(A) They describe the time interval between successive sounds in a passage of music. -->文中未提time interval
(B) They model large changes in the amplitude of the initial sound with relatively poor -->文中提到In effect, the sound is changing too quickly for the system to record it accurately.所以是變化太快而非變化太大
precision.
(C) They are slightly altered each time they are read by the playback apparaturs. -->文中提到these errors are random,所以並非each time
(D) They are not readily altered by distortion and noise accumulated as the digital signal is stored and manipulated. -->文中提到any noise and distortion that may accumulate during storage and manipulation of the digitized signal will have little effect,因為影響很小,所以不容易被改變,正確選項
(E) They are stored in the recording medium in small groups that can be read simultaneously by the playback apparatus.-->文中沒有關於in small groups或者simultaneously的訊息

個人淺見,請多指教討論

[hwatai]

274是假推論題~
275是真推論題~