OG48-38(social)女性類(敘述類型文章)

[agk99]

Passage 38(General to specific)(social)(women)

During the nineteenth-century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census-(人口調查)a population count conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to social changes(越來越細緻並且精準). Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.
第一段表示，在1840年之前，戶口調查就反映agricultural economy and hierarchical social order，只記錄家庭的主人，其他人則是以數字記錄，企業也是如此，所以當時的調查是以家庭為單位，而不是個人。

The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women’s rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.” In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman “keeping house.” Overlap between(有考) the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.
1850就有部分是採取以個人方式記錄，而1870年起則以姓別為區分，在家工作在外工作的婦女，即使有overlap，也一併計入。1890後開始計算，特別是女統計家及女領導的加入，讓統計更準確

[agk99]

236. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain and critique the methods used by early statisticians
(B) compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one
(C) describe and explain a historical change
(D) discuss historical opposition to an established institution
(E) trace the origin of a contemproary cotroversy

沒有作者立場，講述時代巨變，就是C describe的選法

237. Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States censuses is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT the
(A) year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender
(B) year in which hspecific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the head of the household
(C) year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping hosue was first calculated
(D) way in which the 1890 census measured women’s income levels and eductional backgrounds
(E) way in which household members were counted in the 1840 census

D錯，應該原文沒有提到教育背景

238. It can be inferred from the passage that the 1840 United States census provided a count of which of the following?
(A) Women who worked exclusively in the home
(B) People engaged in nonfarming occupations
(C) People engaged in social movements
(D) Women engaged in family-run enterprises
(E) Men engaged in agriculture
BC選一個，當時只有farming 與 nonfarming，選B

239. The author uses the adjective “simple” in line 5 most probably to emphasize that the
(A) collection of census inofrmation became progressively more difficult throughout the nineteenth-century
(B) technology for tabulating census information was rudimentary during the first half of the nineteenth century
(C) home-based agricultural economy of the early nineteenth century was easier to analyze than the later industrial economy
(D) economic role ofwomen was better defined in the early nineteenth century than in the late nienteent century
(E) information collected by early-nineteen-century censuses was limited in its amount of detail

ABCD都無關，就選E
240. The passage suggests which of the following about the “women’s advocates and women statisticians” mentioned in lines 27-28?
(A) They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for women who worked in the home.
(B) They believed that previous census information was inadequate and idd not reflect certain economic changes in the United States.
(C) They had begun to press for changes in census-taking methods as part of their participation in the antislavery movement.
(D) They thought that census statistics about women would be more accurate if more women were employed as census officials.
(E) They had conducted independent studies that disputed the official statistics provided by previosu United States censuses.

這題選B

[panda]

Passage 38(General to specific)(social)(women)

During the nineteenth-century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census-(人口調查)a population count conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to social changes(越來越細緻並且精準). Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.
第一段表示，在1840年之前，戶口調查就反映agricultural economy and hierarchical social order，只記錄家庭的主人，其他人則是以數字記錄，企業也是如此，所以當時的調查是以家庭為單位，而不是個人。
這段的occupational指的應該是職業，而非企業。文章是說戶口調查以數字記錄其他的家庭成員，包含他們的職業類別。

The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women’s rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.” In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman “keeping house.” Overlap between(有考) the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.
1850就有部分是採取以個人方式記錄，而1870年起則以姓別為區分，在家工作在外工作的婦女，即使有overlap，也一併計入。1890後開始計算，特別是女統計家及女領導的加入，讓統計更準確

[nemolee]

借問一下..

238. It can be inferred from the passage that the 1840 United States census provided a count of which of the following?
(A) Women who worked exclusively in the home
(B) People engaged in nonfarming occupations
(C) People engaged in social movements
(D) Women engaged in family-run enterprises
(E) Men engaged in agriculture
BC選一個，當時只有farming 與 nonfarming，選B

請問該怎麼推導出 U.S census 可以提供 nonfarming occupations ?

多謝. . .

[Huang Hsin-Yi]

從~~~
Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. 可推出

[nemolee]

多謝。。