OG48-28(social)(黑人人權)

[agk99]

Passage 28
Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries—including rare material from Black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments(軍團) than do any of its predecessors. Glathaar’s title expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat.
第一段，JG is not the best, but he uses lots of letters and diaries, including rare material, and he concentrate on Black-White relations in military regiments than do any of its predecessors.
Glarthaar accurately describes the government’s discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medical care, and job assignments,(取非，必考) appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight.(努力爭取來的) That chance remained limited through out the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon assignments(後勤單位) and working in labor battalions(勞動營). Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great. Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.”
第二段：講的是Black soldiers with bad pay, promotion, medical care, job assignment...
mortality of combat is one third of White Unite, while twice as White unite. Finally they got the respect from White people.
In trying to demonstrate the magnitude (size) of this attitudinal change, however, Glarthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments. “Prior to the war,” he writes of these men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” While perhaps true (動詞?) of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists(廢除奴隸主義) who became officers in Black regiments(難句). Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic(美國特有的病) in American society; they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism(種族平等主義), these men’s paternalism(父系主義) toward African Americans was racist(種族主義者). But to call their feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge(陷入) in generational chauvinism(歷史沙文主義)—to judge past eras by present standards.
作者對JG肯定是positive but negative

*167. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following?
(A) An evaluation of a scholarly study
(B) A description of an attitudinal change
(C) A discussion of an analytical defect
(D) An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
(E) An argument in favor of revising(由不好到好，這裡則是一個由好到不好) a view
答案給A，E錯誤是我閱讀錯?argument錯，是 analysis，同時也不是view

168. According to the author, which of the following is true of Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic?
(A) It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
(B) It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies.
(C) It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.
(D) It surpasses (超越) previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
(E) It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.

169. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar’s book refers specifically to which of the following?
(A) The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
(B) The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat
(C) The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
(D) The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races’ facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War
(E) The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans’ repudiation of the previous racism

170. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receives special emphasis in Glarthaar’s book?
(A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
(B) The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
(C) The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units
(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions

*171. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War?
(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.
(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.
(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these units’ usual duty assignments.
(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.
(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army’s discriminatory policies.
C，沒錯，接受，比D好

*172. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that(寫作技巧題，往前後看)
(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers(all：武幾字眼)
(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
(C) the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
(D) White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle
答案給C，是比A好

*173. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glarthaar in lines 25-28? (找錯的)(難題)
(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation (support)
(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds (提供理由)for a negative evaluation of their actions (因果關係)
(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is
(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred(因果關係)
答案D，其實就是敘述的內容與事實有段差距，找一個誇大的

174. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism” (lines 40-41) as that practice is defined in the passage?(難題)
(A) Condemning (say that one disapproves pf sb.) a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.
(B) Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one’s youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable
(C) Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employee’s gender.
(D) Deriding (ridicule) the superstitions accepted as “science” in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today.
(E) Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt” for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today.

題目不會太難，就是會很細，而且選項的差異度極小，171-173請留意
Main idea 題還題錯，請小心

[agnes]

#167

analysis和argument不同點之處在於:

analysis是去分析"想法 看法 研究..." (是某些人針對某些"話題"的看法)
所以這邊可能有兩個態度(1.某些人的態度 2.作者的態度)
而argument是去討論一個"話題"
這邊只會有作者的態度

此篇的架構是作者去分析這本書"Forged in Battle"
是去分析一個"看法" 故不能選(E)

[agnes]

此文的補充字

forge:
1. shape
2. falsify = make/copy/produce illegally, fake, counterfeit

battle:
1. visible:
war
fight/combat
weapons/arms
2. invisible:
competition
= race
= contest

[lunar916]

*173. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glarthaar in lines 25-28? (找錯的)(難題)
(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation (support)
(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds (提供理由)for a negative evaluation of their actions (因果關係)
(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is
(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred(因果關係)

---------

有人可以解釋依下這一題嘛??
根據我的了解,問題在問 Glarthaar in lines 25-28 做錯了什麼?
lines 25-28 Glarthaar 誇大了白人長官在戰爭發生前對於黑人的歧視
我選A.. 現在看看是好像不太對.. 當時選的心態是覺得Glarthaar把戰爭前有歧視跟沒歧視的長官都當成是有歧視的...
現在看我覺得D跟E都還滿像的
可是我倆各都看不出來哪裡敘述了答案
腦袋轉不過來ing...

[best555tw]

Glarthaar為了增強態度在戰爭前後轉變的對比強度，所以才去誇大戰前的種族歧視
D 描述一個普遍狀況在某個事件前與在某個事件後的對比，而事件前的狀況比實際情況還striking

E 因為某事件發生在另一事件，前就說他造成後面的事件

[lunar916]

Glarthaar為了增強態度在戰爭前後轉變的對比強度，所以才去誇大戰前的種族歧視
D 描述一個普遍狀況在某個事件前與在某個事件後的對比，而事件前的狀況比實際情況還striking

E 因為某事件發生在另一事件，前就說他造成後面的事件

恩....
可是這樣我感覺像是在問Glarthaar寫line25-28的用意,也就是他是故意寫這樣想要誘導讀者...
可是問題不是在問Glarthaar寫line25-28犯了什麼錯嘛??
還是我沒讀懂問題問的東西??

[agustin]

*171. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War?
(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.
(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.
(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these units’ usual duty assignments.
(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.
(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army’s discriminatory policies.
C，沒錯，接受，比D好

[tab]

171.D選項文意怪異 黑人軍團的死亡率造成高的死亡率？？

這一題選項主詞是 disease mortality rates 所以用這主詞下去套選項
B.D.E就可以先刪去了 因為句意怪異
只剩A.C.合理(disease mortality rates were high...), 但是A不符本文內容
[tab]

[agustin]

唉 我終於熬懂173題了

題目是問 下列何者描述了Glatthaar在 line 25-28所犯的錯誤？

答案選(D)
因為回到原文line 25開始
Glatthaar為了證明他論述的重要性 他誇大了戰爭前的白人的種族歧視
line29有補充說明引號表示摘錄自Glatthaar's study
"virtually all of them(White officers) held powerful racial prejudices(種族偏見)"

這真的是很強烈的字眼耶 所以本文作者說他誇大了
本文作者在後面開始解釋 替這些white officer平反

[pimi]

But to call their feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge(陷入) in generational chauvinism(歷史沙文主義)—to judge past eras by present standards.


不太懂這句話的意思, 為何種族歧視慧根沙文主義有關呢????? @ @

[dibert8]

chauvinism 的特徵乃是"盲目地"(一視同仁), or "overgeneralization"