Passage 29(biology)(難題)
It was once assumed(過去的某人提出假設) that all living things could be divided into two fundamental(基本的) and exhaustive(完整的???) categories. Multicellular plants多細胞植物 and animals, as well as many unicellular(單細胞) organisms, are eukaryotic(真核)—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus(細胞核、必背) and many organelles(細胞器). On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic(原核細胞) cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus(沒有細胞核). The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular(次細胞) structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level.(果然這有考點) Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common.(先講相同的) For instance,(相同部分舉例) they translate genetic information(遺傳信息) into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even(不同的地方出現) where the molecular(必背) processes are the same(分子流程), the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms. For example,(不同部分舉例) the amino acid (氨基酸)sequences of various enzymes(酵素、必背) tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic(酵素序列不同). The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors(先驅) of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong(負面態度，作者進場) in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria(其他人認為相同，作者認為不同), and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent(前後一致) group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria(原細菌), which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
*175. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous(兩種分支) one
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected.
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes
答案給B，勉強接受，作者的態度語氣選B，但D講的是總結差異，不是作者態度
*176 According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope(無關)
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes(並不相同，可追溯第一段，真核原核各有典型)
答案給C，見第14行，真核原核兩類都是分子層面，所以選C
177. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true?
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells.
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms.
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.
178. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebacterial species
*179. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.
答案給A，主要是因為題目有說，是細菌以外的生物分類，這點題目己有強調，是細菌以外的分類嗎
180. According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts.
*181. All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT:
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria.
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding.
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform(一樣的) for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
答案給E，A是新舊觀點都同意，但E，明顯錯誤，與原文不合，選E正確
182. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of
(A) tentative acceptance欣然接受
(B) mild skepticism
(C) limited denial
(D) studious criticism
(E) whole hearted endorsement
exhaustive有任何作用嗎?參照176C
OG48-29(biology)(難題)
版主: shpassion, Traver0818
20 篇文章 • 第 1 頁 (共 2 頁) • 1，2
OG48-29(biology)(難題)
由 agk99 » 2004-09-24 01:10
- agk99
- 超級版主
- 文章: 3109
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-24 22:12
- 來自: Shenzhen, China
由 訪客 » 2004-10-10 11:53
Passage 29
It was once assumed that all living things could be
divided into two fundamental and exhaustive(=completely) categories.
Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellu-
lar organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells
(5) have a well-formed nucles and many organelles(細胞器官). On the
other hand(對比), the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which
are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between
eukaryotes and bacteria(prokaryotic), initially defined in terms of
subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ulti-
(10) mately carried to the molecular(分子) level. Here prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For
instance, they translate genetic information into proteins
according to the same type of genetic coding. But(轉折) even
where the molecular processes are the same, the details in
(15) the two forms are different and characteristic of the respec-
tive forms. For example, the amino acid(氨基酸) sequences(序列) of vari-
ous enzymes(酵素) tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
The differences between the groups and the similarities
within each group made it seem(不確定用語) certain to most biologists
(20) that the tree(樹狀) of life had only two stems(幹). Moreover, argu-
ments pointing out the extent(程度) of both structural and func-
tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria
convinced many biologists that the precursors(先驅) of the
eukaryotes must have diverged from the common
(25)ancestor before the bacteria arose.
總結:一開頭先說eukaryotic and prokaryotic的共同點,和相異點,並在最後一句話推斷兩者可能來自於同一個祖先
作者態度用詞 Once, fundamental, exhaustive, on the other hand, distinction, initially, ultimately, the same, but, even, tend to, typically, make it seem, only, convincing, ancestor, must have, before, moreover,
Choice of word Exhaustive, fundamental, well-formed, lack, simple, complex, level, in common, the same, similarties, made it seem, certain, extent, precursor, ancestor, diverge
對比 *complex vs. simple
*well-formed vs. lack
*initially vs. ultimately
* But(轉折) even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in
the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms.
因果 The differences between the groups and the similarities
within each group made it seem(不確定用語) certain to most biologists
(20) that the tree(樹狀) of life had only two stems(幹).
假設 Moreover, argu-
ments pointing out the extent(程度) of both structural and func-
tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria
convinced many biologists that the precursors(先驅) of the
eukaryotes must have diverged from the common
(25)ancestor before the bacteria arose.
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Analysize the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Attitude
131. critical
132. questioning
133. objective(neutral)\subjective
134. enthusiastic
135. approval\disapproval teutral
Although much of this picture has been sustained by
more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one
respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and
(30)from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are
three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for deter-
mining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms
have produced evolutionary(進化演進) information about the degree
to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged
(35) from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ances-
tral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly
suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a
large coherent group, certain other bacteria(修飾large coherent group), the archaebac-
teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that
far antedates(predate) the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
總結:作者認為與之前的假設一點是不同的,並由新的技術去support作者的想法,並說明three stems in the tree of life, not two stems in the tree of life
作者態度用詞 Although, seem, wrong , significantly, different, now, appear, evolutionary, strongly suggested, distinct, far antedate, indeed,
Choice of word Sustain, recent, in one respect, reconstruction, coherent, resemble, antedate,
對比
因果
relation *These techniques have strongly uggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a arge coherent group, certain other bacteria(修飾large coherent group), the archaebac-teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates(predate) the common ancestor of all true bacteria
*.
轉折 * Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect
Compare and contast * Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and
(30)from the true bacteria
*
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Refute/disapproval the previous asumption
Attitude
136. critical
137. questioning
138. objective(neutral)\subjective
139. enthusiastic
140. approval\disapproval critical
175. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with
a dichotomous one
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had beenexpected.
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and
eukaryotes
(E) formulating(形成) a hypothesis about the mechanisms(機制) of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes
176 According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the
conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and cukaryotes form two fundamental categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes
177. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be
true?
275
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in
eukaryotic cells.
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular
organisms.
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.
178. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify
the fundamental classifications of living things?
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebecterial
species
179. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than
bacteria(指說不要用bacteria去衡量), which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.(這是在bacteria的角度下的答案,看第二段最後一句話便明瞭)
180. According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts.
181. All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT:
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria.
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding.
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
For example, the amino acid(氨基酸) sequences(序列) of vari-
ous enzymes(酵素) tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
182. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of
(A) tentative(=not certain) acceptance=>appear, strongly suggested, seems
(B) mild(=not strong) skepticism
(C) limited denial
(D) studious oriticism
(E) whole hearted endorsement
作者態度用詞 181,182
Choice of word
對比 176
因果
relation 177180
轉折
Compare and contast 178
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea 175
Attitude
141. critical
142. questioning
143. objective(neutral)\subjective
144. enthusiastic
145. approval\disapproval
It was once assumed that all living things could be
divided into two fundamental and exhaustive(=completely) categories.
Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellu-
lar organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells
(5) have a well-formed nucles and many organelles(細胞器官). On the
other hand(對比), the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which
are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between
eukaryotes and bacteria(prokaryotic), initially defined in terms of
subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ulti-
(10) mately carried to the molecular(分子) level. Here prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For
instance, they translate genetic information into proteins
according to the same type of genetic coding. But(轉折) even
where the molecular processes are the same, the details in
(15) the two forms are different and characteristic of the respec-
tive forms. For example, the amino acid(氨基酸) sequences(序列) of vari-
ous enzymes(酵素) tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
The differences between the groups and the similarities
within each group made it seem(不確定用語) certain to most biologists
(20) that the tree(樹狀) of life had only two stems(幹). Moreover, argu-
ments pointing out the extent(程度) of both structural and func-
tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria
convinced many biologists that the precursors(先驅) of the
eukaryotes must have diverged from the common
(25)ancestor before the bacteria arose.
總結:一開頭先說eukaryotic and prokaryotic的共同點,和相異點,並在最後一句話推斷兩者可能來自於同一個祖先
作者態度用詞 Once, fundamental, exhaustive, on the other hand, distinction, initially, ultimately, the same, but, even, tend to, typically, make it seem, only, convincing, ancestor, must have, before, moreover,
Choice of word Exhaustive, fundamental, well-formed, lack, simple, complex, level, in common, the same, similarties, made it seem, certain, extent, precursor, ancestor, diverge
對比 *complex vs. simple
*well-formed vs. lack
*initially vs. ultimately
* But(轉折) even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in
the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms.
因果 The differences between the groups and the similarities
within each group made it seem(不確定用語) certain to most biologists
(20) that the tree(樹狀) of life had only two stems(幹).
假設 Moreover, argu-
ments pointing out the extent(程度) of both structural and func-
tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria
convinced many biologists that the precursors(先驅) of the
eukaryotes must have diverged from the common
(25)ancestor before the bacteria arose.
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Analysize the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Attitude
131. critical
132. questioning
133. objective(neutral)\subjective
134. enthusiastic
135. approval\disapproval teutral
Although much of this picture has been sustained by
more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one
respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and
(30)from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are
three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for deter-
mining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms
have produced evolutionary(進化演進) information about the degree
to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged
(35) from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ances-
tral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly
suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a
large coherent group, certain other bacteria(修飾large coherent group), the archaebac-
teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that
far antedates(predate) the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
總結:作者認為與之前的假設一點是不同的,並由新的技術去support作者的想法,並說明three stems in the tree of life, not two stems in the tree of life
作者態度用詞 Although, seem, wrong , significantly, different, now, appear, evolutionary, strongly suggested, distinct, far antedate, indeed,
Choice of word Sustain, recent, in one respect, reconstruction, coherent, resemble, antedate,
對比
因果
relation *These techniques have strongly uggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a arge coherent group, certain other bacteria(修飾large coherent group), the archaebac-teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates(predate) the common ancestor of all true bacteria
*.
轉折 * Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect
Compare and contast * Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and
(30)from the true bacteria
*
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Refute/disapproval the previous asumption
Attitude
136. critical
137. questioning
138. objective(neutral)\subjective
139. enthusiastic
140. approval\disapproval critical
175. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with
a dichotomous one
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had beenexpected.
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and
eukaryotes
(E) formulating(形成) a hypothesis about the mechanisms(機制) of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes
176 According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the
conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and cukaryotes form two fundamental categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes
177. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be
true?
275
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in
eukaryotic cells.
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular
organisms.
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.
178. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify
the fundamental classifications of living things?
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebecterial
species
179. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than
bacteria(指說不要用bacteria去衡量), which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.(這是在bacteria的角度下的答案,看第二段最後一句話便明瞭)
180. According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts.
181. All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT:
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria.
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding.
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
For example, the amino acid(氨基酸) sequences(序列) of vari-
ous enzymes(酵素) tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
182. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of
(A) tentative(=not certain) acceptance=>appear, strongly suggested, seems
(B) mild(=not strong) skepticism
(C) limited denial
(D) studious oriticism
(E) whole hearted endorsement
作者態度用詞 181,182
Choice of word
對比 176
因果
relation 177180
轉折
Compare and contast 178
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea 175
Attitude
141. critical
142. questioning
143. objective(neutral)\subjective
144. enthusiastic
145. approval\disapproval
- 訪客
由 micht » 2004-11-30 23:31
agnes \$m[1]:#175 (D)錯的原因是一開始的"summarizing"
summarizing是表示作者從頭到尾沒有進來表達態度
可是在第2段一開始 27行末"it seems fundamentally wrong"這裡作者就進來了 態度是負面的
用態度選這篇ㄉ主旨通ㄇ?
我怎麼感覺不出來
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms
哪裡有negative words?
-
micht - 白金會員
- 文章: 3276
- 註冊時間: 2004-09-27 12:13
由 davidlee0222 » 2004-12-29 03:17
趁小弟昏睡前解解看這篇文章
印象裡這篇文章搞董畫個圖即可全對
It was once(太好了-本文主旨必與假設相反) assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive(詳盡的) categories(以前假設可分兩大綱目-直接去找現在如何). Multicellular plants and animals,(鬥號後先跳過,看完句子再回頭看) as well as many unicellular(單細胞) organisms, are eukaryotic(雞考時必不知此字為何-設為”E”)—(破折號先跳過)their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles(直接跳到句點-多細胞動植物叫”E”,回頭看破折號在幹麻?-原來只是廢話,不用看完趕快接下文). On the other hand(只剩另一種), the true bacteria are prokaryotic(雞考時必不知P為何物,不管-與細菌同類,且非多細胞動植物-直接推測是單細胞,設為”細菌+P”) cell,(關代補述先跳過在回頭看) which are simple and lack a nucleus(果然同猜測). (原本只有”多細胞E”跟”細菌+P”兩種)先畫個圖:E<-->細菌+P
The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria,(2鬥號插入廢話先跳過再回頭看) initially defined in terms of subcellular(次細胞) structures visible with a microscope,(直接跳到這兒) was ultimately carried to the molecular level(E和細菌+P的差別是要到分子等級?看不懂-一定會解釋,找找看-原來有跳過插入句,不用怕~再回頭看就好-一開始被以顯微鏡可見之次細胞架構來定義,現在要到分子等級-可考數學:分子等級比次細胞小且顯微鏡不可見). Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic(疑?少了細菌??必有埋伏,有心理準備) cells have many features in common(無緣無故講相同點-應有考點). For instance,(舉例快速掃過抓主旨) they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding(基於同基因碼翻譯基因訊息-take note應該會考). But even(即使-後子句必接反意,直接掃過預測下文) where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms(細節有差). For example,(哈!馬上舉例-凡舉例皆快掃抓主旨) the amino acid (不知為何?先設”aa”)sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic(看不懂…). (若為重複上文即可快掃跳過)The differences between(差別between A & B) the “groups”(A) and (B)”the similarities within each group” made it seem certain(it代”差別”-使這個差別對某些人認為xx是合理的-) to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems(跟原假設同,發現廢話趕快跳-樹狀分類僅兩種). Moreover(順向連接詞-預測下文:還是兩種分類-快速掃過看對不對?對就跳), arguments pointing out (帯出小難子句-先抓主辭動辭,再看補語如何)the extent(找到主辭) of both structural and functional differences(架構及功能差異的程度) between eukaryotes and true bacteria(在E和真細菌之間) convinced(活逮主要動辭) many biologists that(再帯出另一子句-使生物學加深信) the precursors(不知此自為何-看到pre字首猜”先前-”) of the eukaryotes must have diverged(與xx分隔) from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. (畫圖便知:E在細菌前即已分出-整段廢話就在講這個簡單到想罵髒話的圖,了解ETS技倆即可從第8或9行直接一路坐電梯下來直接跳下文,別被耽誤了-重點是下面另一個圖)
看完段落要知功能: 解說生物兩分類假設及定義並舉說服點。
並可推下段功能: 舉例推翻兩分類假說並提出正確分類。
Although(雖然-反向連接詞,也必定如此,因為要與上文轉折-前半句快掃,後半句才是重點) much of this picture(活逮主辭-輪廓) has been sustained(生捉動辭) by more recent(最近-訓練對此字的敏感度) research, it(代主辭”輪廓”-從上段及本段開頭although推知必有誤-直接跳下一行) seems fundamentally wrong in one respect(費話別看當場省一行). Among the bacteria(講到細菌-果然在上段伏筆出現:看清楚全文關鍵!!), there are organisms(主辭-後that補述) that are significantly different both(2方面不同) from (A)the cells of eukaryotes and from (B)the true bacteria, (看note畫的圖-“E<-->細菌+P”有第三者)and it now appears(重要關鍵字-可預測下文或考infer:有證據使他appear) that there are three stems(全文主旨-後必解說多出來是誰?) in the tree of life. (廢話難句-活逮主辭動辭直奔西伯利亞)New techniques(主辭”新技術”-for後補述快掃) for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced(活逮動辭產生) evolutionary information(西伯利亞補語) about the degree to which organisms are related(疑?開始數樹-1), (2)the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, (只有三個-不會考EXCEPT,但建議take note-關係度,分隔時間,基因重組-發現好像是廢話,快坐電梯下去)and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that(看清楚全文重點!) although(雖然-前半句掃過,後半句重點) the true bacteria(講到真細菌) indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria(2鬥號同為語先跳-有其他細菌), the archaebacteria(雞考必不知此字-設為A),(關代廢話補述先跳,需要再回頭看) which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, (活逮主要動辭)represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates(an字首及date字尾-猜此字為”早先”) the common ancestor of all true bacteria.(整篇文章就為了講這句話-多一類叫A的細菌在真細菌更早以前)-有far這個字,唯一比較基準是上段E比細菌早,可考infer-A菌又再E之前
畫個圖
A
v
E
v
真細菌+P
印象裡這篇文章搞董畫個圖即可全對
It was once(太好了-本文主旨必與假設相反) assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive(詳盡的) categories(以前假設可分兩大綱目-直接去找現在如何). Multicellular plants and animals,(鬥號後先跳過,看完句子再回頭看) as well as many unicellular(單細胞) organisms, are eukaryotic(雞考時必不知此字為何-設為”E”)—(破折號先跳過)their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles(直接跳到句點-多細胞動植物叫”E”,回頭看破折號在幹麻?-原來只是廢話,不用看完趕快接下文). On the other hand(只剩另一種), the true bacteria are prokaryotic(雞考時必不知P為何物,不管-與細菌同類,且非多細胞動植物-直接推測是單細胞,設為”細菌+P”) cell,(關代補述先跳過在回頭看) which are simple and lack a nucleus(果然同猜測). (原本只有”多細胞E”跟”細菌+P”兩種)先畫個圖:E<-->細菌+P
The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria,(2鬥號插入廢話先跳過再回頭看) initially defined in terms of subcellular(次細胞) structures visible with a microscope,(直接跳到這兒) was ultimately carried to the molecular level(E和細菌+P的差別是要到分子等級?看不懂-一定會解釋,找找看-原來有跳過插入句,不用怕~再回頭看就好-一開始被以顯微鏡可見之次細胞架構來定義,現在要到分子等級-可考數學:分子等級比次細胞小且顯微鏡不可見). Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic(疑?少了細菌??必有埋伏,有心理準備) cells have many features in common(無緣無故講相同點-應有考點). For instance,(舉例快速掃過抓主旨) they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding(基於同基因碼翻譯基因訊息-take note應該會考). But even(即使-後子句必接反意,直接掃過預測下文) where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms(細節有差). For example,(哈!馬上舉例-凡舉例皆快掃抓主旨) the amino acid (不知為何?先設”aa”)sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic(看不懂…). (若為重複上文即可快掃跳過)The differences between(差別between A & B) the “groups”(A) and (B)”the similarities within each group” made it seem certain(it代”差別”-使這個差別對某些人認為xx是合理的-) to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems(跟原假設同,發現廢話趕快跳-樹狀分類僅兩種). Moreover(順向連接詞-預測下文:還是兩種分類-快速掃過看對不對?對就跳), arguments pointing out (帯出小難子句-先抓主辭動辭,再看補語如何)the extent(找到主辭) of both structural and functional differences(架構及功能差異的程度) between eukaryotes and true bacteria(在E和真細菌之間) convinced(活逮主要動辭) many biologists that(再帯出另一子句-使生物學加深信) the precursors(不知此自為何-看到pre字首猜”先前-”) of the eukaryotes must have diverged(與xx分隔) from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. (畫圖便知:E在細菌前即已分出-整段廢話就在講這個簡單到想罵髒話的圖,了解ETS技倆即可從第8或9行直接一路坐電梯下來直接跳下文,別被耽誤了-重點是下面另一個圖)
看完段落要知功能: 解說生物兩分類假設及定義並舉說服點。
並可推下段功能: 舉例推翻兩分類假說並提出正確分類。
Although(雖然-反向連接詞,也必定如此,因為要與上文轉折-前半句快掃,後半句才是重點) much of this picture(活逮主辭-輪廓) has been sustained(生捉動辭) by more recent(最近-訓練對此字的敏感度) research, it(代主辭”輪廓”-從上段及本段開頭although推知必有誤-直接跳下一行) seems fundamentally wrong in one respect(費話別看當場省一行). Among the bacteria(講到細菌-果然在上段伏筆出現:看清楚全文關鍵!!), there are organisms(主辭-後that補述) that are significantly different both(2方面不同) from (A)the cells of eukaryotes and from (B)the true bacteria, (看note畫的圖-“E<-->細菌+P”有第三者)and it now appears(重要關鍵字-可預測下文或考infer:有證據使他appear) that there are three stems(全文主旨-後必解說多出來是誰?) in the tree of life. (廢話難句-活逮主辭動辭直奔西伯利亞)New techniques(主辭”新技術”-for後補述快掃) for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced(活逮動辭產生) evolutionary information(西伯利亞補語) about the degree to which organisms are related(疑?開始數樹-1), (2)the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, (只有三個-不會考EXCEPT,但建議take note-關係度,分隔時間,基因重組-發現好像是廢話,快坐電梯下去)and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that(看清楚全文重點!) although(雖然-前半句掃過,後半句重點) the true bacteria(講到真細菌) indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria(2鬥號同為語先跳-有其他細菌), the archaebacteria(雞考必不知此字-設為A),(關代廢話補述先跳,需要再回頭看) which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, (活逮主要動辭)represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates(an字首及date字尾-猜此字為”早先”) the common ancestor of all true bacteria.(整篇文章就為了講這句話-多一類叫A的細菌在真細菌更早以前)-有far這個字,唯一比較基準是上段E比細菌早,可考infer-A菌又再E之前
畫個圖
A
v
E
v
真細菌+P
- davidlee0222
- 白金會員
- 文章: 3017
- 註冊時間: 2004-12-14 19:54
由 bugubugu » 2004-12-29 15:17
davidlee0222 \$m[1]:the archaebacteria(雞考必不知此字-設為A),(關代廢話補述先跳,需要再回頭看) which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, (活逮主要動辭)represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates(an字首及date字尾-猜此字為”早先”) the common ancestor of all true bacteria.(整篇文章就為了講這句話-多一類叫A的細菌在真細菌更早以前)-有far這個字,唯一比較基準是上段E比細菌早,可考infer-A菌又再E之前
畫個圖
A
v
E
v
真細菌+P
David大大...
我有個疑問....
文章只說在時間點上:
(第一段)E>真菌....
(第二段)A>真菌...
所以是不是不能推A>E>真菌?
- bugubugu
- 高級會員
- 文章: 341
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-25 16:05
由 bugubugu » 2004-12-29 16:31
pcl12 \$m[1]:想請問一下Q179 我選的答案是B(正確是A),看了og的解釋還是不懂,
有沒有人可以幫我解釋一下?
而Q180 的答案是C,而我選的是A,不懂C說eukaryotes are fundamentally different
from true bacteria的意思,因為在第一段不是有說明他們之間的common之處嗎?
至於A為何不可選呢?
這篇文章實在不簡單
我覺得179題的B是錯在...
文章是說明類別應該要有三類而非兩類...
即(A)中所說的:分類方法必須重新評估....
但(B)的說法是有許多種類的細菌要重新分類...
也就是說選項並沒有說明是否還是兩類或三類...
但分錯了...
要重分類...
把一部份的細菌歸在E一部份歸在P
或把一部份的細菌歸在E一部份歸在P一部份歸在A
可是文章中的RNA其實只管大項...
也就是是否有三種分類...
並沒有管的那麼細到細菌要重新分到哪一類...
另一題第180題...
題目問說reseacher的假設在哪一方面是"對的"...
(A)這答案是在第一段說的...
你可以把coheret想成一致的...
也就是說P這個group的特性都是相同的...
可是文章第二段一開頭就說這種hypo.是錯的...
因為P應該還有另一種演進....
就是還可分出A這種種類...
所以很明顯(A)是錯的....
(C)的話不論是在第一段或第二段作者都說E和P是不同的....
所以是正解...
至於你提到的他們不是有common處嗎...
那是文章當中說明它們有相同及不同的feature...
但其實在第一段第一行開始作者就點出他們是"2 fundamental categories"
所以(C)的fundamentally different當然是對的囉...
- bugubugu
- 高級會員
- 文章: 341
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-25 16:05
由 pcl12 » 2004-12-29 17:49
謝謝david的分析,還有bugubugu的解答。真是了不起，我都沒法分析得那精闢，
做閱讀時，還是沒什麼技巧可言。
bugubugu，我同意你179的解釋,相當清楚。
只是180,題目是在問那個喔???我不知道題目是這個意思....
我覺得這題目好像在問'支持兩分類的researcher 他們認為下面哪個是對的?
另外,你說coherent在第一段,我找了一下,好像在第二段?
而我以為答案c說fundamentally different就是totally different,可文中又說他們有共通之處,那就不是fundamentally different了啊???
這題我到底該到文中的哪去定位呢?@@
做閱讀時，還是沒什麼技巧可言。
bugubugu，我同意你179的解釋,相當清楚。
只是180,題目是在問那個喔???我不知道題目是這個意思....
我覺得這題目好像在問'支持兩分類的researcher 他們認為下面哪個是對的?
另外,你說coherent在第一段,我找了一下,好像在第二段?
而我以為答案c說fundamentally different就是totally different,可文中又說他們有共通之處,那就不是fundamentally different了啊???
這題我到底該到文中的哪去定位呢?@@
-
pcl12 - 中級會員
- 文章: 103
- 註冊時間: 2004-12-03 19:26
由 bugubugu » 2004-12-29 18:12
pcl12 \$m[1]:謝謝david的分析,還有bugubugu的解答。真是了不起，我都沒法分析得那精闢，
做閱讀時，還是沒什麼技巧可言。
bugubugu，我同意你179的解釋,相當清楚。
只是180,題目是在問那個喔???我不知道題目是這個意思....
我覺得這題目好像在問'支持兩分類的researcher 他們認為下面哪個是對的?
另外,你說coherent在第一段,我找了一下,好像在第二段?
而我以為答案c說fundamentally different就是totally different,可文中又說他們有共通之處,那就不是fundamentally different了啊???
這題我到底該到文中的哪去定位呢?@@
拍謝...
我還真記錯coherent在哪一段
是在第二段沒錯...
不過你看第38行...
文章是說雖然真菌形成一個很大的coherent group,但還有別的group就是A..
而非P形成一個coherent的group...
(是真菌去形成的喔...你再慢慢體會一下...)
且他說這另一組的group(即A)也是P且和真菌類似...
他並不是說P就是真菌喔...
所以(A)這選項錯....
- bugubugu
- 高級會員
- 文章: 341
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-25 16:05
由 pcl12 » 2004-12-29 18:35
不知道我是太笨還是文章沒看懂,下面是L38的那段
These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent(前後一致) group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria(原細菌), which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
我還是不懂你說的[細菌形成一個coherent的group,這個group就是A.. ]??
我覺得從文法來看,好像certain other bactria, the archaebacteria....這好像不是在修
飾coherent group,因為前面有although,所以這archaebacteria是另一主語,和coherent
group沒啥關係??
啊...真不好意思,老覺得對這生物類的文章沒輒...@@
These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent(前後一致) group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria(原細菌), which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
我還是不懂你說的[細菌形成一個coherent的group,這個group就是A.. ]??
我覺得從文法來看,好像certain other bactria, the archaebacteria....這好像不是在修
飾coherent group,因為前面有although,所以這archaebacteria是另一主語,和coherent
group沒啥關係??
啊...真不好意思,老覺得對這生物類的文章沒輒...@@
-
pcl12 - 中級會員
- 文章: 103
- 註冊時間: 2004-12-03 19:26
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