RC 題型, 做題技巧!! (轉載自CD)

[asicschu]

There are six kinds of reading comprehension questions, each of which tests a different reading skill. The following pages include descriptions of the various question types, test-taking strategies, sample question, and detailed explanations for all the
questions. The explanations further illustrate the ways in which reading comprehension questions evaluate basic reading skills.

Reading comprehension questions include:

閱讀題一共有六種問題，每一種問題測試一種不同的閱讀技能。下面的內容包括了對各種不同類型的問題的描述，應試策略，樣題以及所有樣題的具體解釋。這些解釋進一步說明了閱讀題目的問題是如何評估基本的閱讀技能的。

閱讀理解的問題有以下六種：

1. Questions that ask about the main idea of a passage

Each reading comprehension passage in the GMAT is a unified whole—that is, the individual sentences and paragraphs support and develop one main idea or central point. Sometimes you will be told the central point in the passage itself, and sometimes it will be necessary for you to determine the central point from the overall organization or development of the passage. You may be asked in this kind of question to recognize a correct restatement, or paraphrase, of the main idea of the passage; or to identify the author’s primary purpose, or objective, in writing the passage; or to assign a title that summarizes briefly and pointedly the main idea developed in the passage.

1.
關於文章的中心思想（主題題）

GMAT
中的每一篇閱讀文章都是渾然一體的，也就是說，每一個句子和段落都支援或者展開同一個主題，或者叫一個中心思想。有時文章會告訴你主題是什麼，有時則需要你從整篇文章的組織和鋪陳去推定中心思想。主題題可能會要求你識別有關文章主題的一個正確陳述或者解釋，也可能要求你鑒別作者寫這篇文章的主要意圖或者目的，還可能要求你給文章冠一個簡明扼要地概括了文章所演繹內容的中心思想的標題。

2. Questions that ask about the supporting ideas presented in a passage

These questions measure your ability to comprehend the supporting ideas in a passage and to differentiate those supporting ideas from the main idea. The question also measure your ability to differentiate ideas that are explicitly stated in a passage from
ideas that are implied by the author but are not explicitly stated. You may be asked about facts cited in a passage, or about the specific content of arguments presented by the author in support of his or her views, or about descriptive details used to
support or elaborate on the main idea. Whereas questions about the main idea ask you to determine the meaning of a passage as a whole, questions about supporting ideas ask you to determine the meanings of individual sentences and paragraphs that contribute to the meaning of the passage as a whole. One way to think about these questions is to see them as questions asking for the main point of one small part of the passage.

2. 關於文中的論點（觀點題）

觀點題測試你理解文中的論點和把支撐主題的論點與主題區分開來的能力。觀點題也測試你區分作者在文中明確陳述的觀點和在文中間接表達而不是直接陳述的觀點的能力。

觀點題可能會問到文中引用的事實，作者用來支持自己觀點的論據的細枝末節，或者用來支持或闡述中心思想的描述性細節。

主題題要求你推斷整篇文章的主題，而觀點題則要求你確定對主題做出貢獻的單獨句子或段落的含義。

一種解題思路是把觀點題看作要求歸納文章的某一小部分的中心思想。

3. Questions that ask for inferences based on information presented in a passage

These questions ask about ideas that are not explicitly stated in a passage but are strongly implied by the author. Unlike questions about supporting details, which ask about information that is directly stated in a passage, inference questions ask about ideas or meanings that must be inferred from information that is directly stated. Authors can make their points in indirect ways, suggesting ideas without actually stating them. These questions measure you ability to infer an author’s intended meaning in
parts of a passage where the meaning is only suggested. The questions do not ask about meanings or implications that are remote from the passage but about meanings that are developed indirectly or implications specifically suggested by the author. To
answer these questions, you may have to carry statements made by the author one step beyond their literal meanings, or recognize the opposite of a statement made by the author, or identify the intended meaning of a word used figuratively in a passage. If a
passage explicitly states an effect, for example, you may be asked to infer its cause. If the author compares two phenomena, you may be asked to infer the basis for the comparison. You may be asked to infer the characteristics of an old policy from an explicit description of a new one. When you read a passage, therefore, you should concentrate not only on the explicit meaning of the author’s words, but also on
the more subtle meaning implied by those words.

3.關於基於文中給出資訊的推論（推導題）

推導題問的不是文中那些明確陳述而是作者強烈暗示的那部分。與觀點題不一樣，觀點題問的是文中直接陳述的內容，推導題則問的是需要對文中直接陳述的內容進行推演才能得出的觀點或含義。作者使用間接的方式來闡述，在不具體陳述的情況下提出觀點。

推導題測試你推斷在作者只是暗示的那一部分所意圖表達的觀點的能力。

推導題問的不是那些文章中蘊含的生僻含義或者暗示，而是那些作者間接鋪陳的含義或者特別暗示。

要回答這些問題，你可能需要進一步以超越作者陳述所表達的字面含義，或者需要認識到作者陳述的對立面或者相對應的一面，或者需要辨別文中使用的一個象徵詞的意圖。例如，如果文章明確地給出了一個結果，你可能會被要求推導導致它的原因；如果作者比較兩個現象，你可能會被要求推導比較的基礎或根據；你可能會被要求從一個明確給出的新的政策的描述推導出老政策的特徵。

因此，當你閱讀一篇文章的時候，應該不僅僅關注作者的話所明確表達的意思，還要關注這些話所暗示的更為微妙的意思。

4. Questions that ask how information given in a passage can be applied to a context outside the passage itself

These questions measure your ability to discern the relationships between situations or ideas presented by the author and other situations or ideas that might parallel those in the passage. In this kind of question, you may be asked to identify a hypothetical
situation that is comparable to a situation presented in the passage, or to apply ideas given in the passage to a situation not mentioned by the author, or to recognize ideas that the author would probably agree or disagree with on the basis of statements made in the passage. Unlike inference questions, these questions use ideas or situations not taken from the passage. Ideas and situations given in a question are like those given in the passage, and they parallel ideas and situations give in the passage. Therefore,
to answer the question, you must do more than recall what you read. You must recognize the essential attributes of ideas and situations presented in the passage when they appear in different words and in an entirely new context.

4.關於文中的資訊如何適用于文章以外的環境（類比題）

類比題測試你區分作者所闡述的情形或觀點和與之相應的情形或觀點之間的關係的能力。

類比題可能要求你找出一個假設的情形，這個情形與文中闡述的情形相似，相對應或者可比較；或者要求你把文中闡述的觀點適用于一個作者沒有提到過的情形；或者要求你根據文中的闡述識別作者可能贊成或者反對的觀點。

與推斷題不同，類比題使用的是文中沒有的觀點或情形。題中的觀點或情形類似于並且對應于文中提到的觀點或情形。

因此，要回答這類問題，你要做的不能僅限於回憶你所讀到的。你必須深刻認識到文中表述的觀點或情形的實質屬性，這樣當它們以不同的詞語的形式出現在完全陌生的環境中時你就可以迅速把它們識別出來。

5. Questions that ask about the logical structure of a passage

These questions ask you to analyze and evaluate the organization and the logic of a passage. They may ask how a passage is constructed: for instance, does it define, does it compare or contrast, does it present a new idea, does it refute an idea? They may also ask how the author persuades readers to accept his or her assertions, or about the reason behind the author’s use of any particular supporting detail. You may also
be asked to identify assumptions that the author is making , to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments, or to recognize appropriate
counterarguments. These questions measure your ability not only to comprehend a passage but to evaluate it critically. However, it is important for you to realize that these questions do not rely on any kind of formal logic, nor do they require that you be
familiar with specific terms of logic or argumentation. You can answer these questions using only the information in the passage and careful reasoning.

5.關於文章的邏輯結構（結構題）

結構題要求你分析和評價文章的組織和邏輯。

結構題可能會問到一篇文章是如何構造的。例如，哪里在定義；哪里在進行比較和對照；哪里在表達新觀點；哪里在反駁一個觀點。

結構題也可能會問到作者是如何說服讀者接受自己的主張的，或者作者使用某個特別的支撐細節的原因。

結構題還可能要求你識別作者所做的假設，或者要求你評估作者的論證的力度和缺陷，或者要求你找出合適的駁論。

結構題不僅測試你理解文章的能力，還測試你準確地評價文章的能力。

然而，對你來說非常重要的是你必須明白，這類問題既不需要你依賴於任何規整的邏輯，也不需要你熟悉邏輯和論證方面的專門術語。你回答這些問題，只需要用到文中所提到的資訊並進行仔細的推理。

6. Questions that ask about the style and tone of a passage

These questions ask about the language of a passage and about the ideas in a passage that may be expressed through its language. You may be asked to deduce the author’s attitude toward an idea, a fact, or a situation from the words that he or she uses to
describe it. You may also be asked to select a word that accurately describes the tone of a passage—for instance, "critical," "questioning," "objective," or "enthusiastic." To answer this type of question, you will have to consider the language of the passage as a whole: it takes more than one pointed critical word to make the tone of an entire passage “critical.” Sometimes, these questions ask what audience the passage was probably intended for or what type of publication it probably appeared in. Style and tone questions may apply to one small part of the passage or to the passage as a whole. To answer them, you must ask yourself what meanings are contained in the words
of a passage beyond their literal meanings. Were such words selected because of their emotional content, or because a particular audience would expect to hear them? Remember, these questions measure your ability to discern meaning expressed by the author through his or her choice of word.

6. 關於文章的風格和基調（態度題）

態度題主要涉及文章使用的語言和作者通過這些語言所表達出的態度。

態度題可能要求你從作者的態度演繹出一個觀點，一個事實，或者一個情形；也可能要求你選擇一個準確描述文章基調的詞語——例如，“批評”，“質疑”，“客觀”，或者“滿腔熱情”。要回答這類問題，你必須把文章看作一個整體——文章通常使用好幾個尖銳的批評辭彙就會鑄就整篇文章的“批評”基調。

有時，態度題也會問到哪些人可能是文章的讀者，或者文章可能出現在哪種出版物中。態度題既可能針對文章的一小部分也可能針對整篇文章。要回答這類問題，你必須問自己一個問題——那些隱藏在字�行間超越文章字面含義的意思到底是什麼。作者使用這些詞語是因為它們的感情色彩，還是因為有一群特別的讀者期望讀到它們。
記住，態度題測試的是你區分作者通過使用不同的詞來表達不同感情色彩的能力。

Test-taking strategies for Reading Comprehension

1.You should not expect to completely familiar with any of the material presented in reading comprehension passages. You may find some passages easier to understand than others, but all passages are designed to present a challenge. If you have some familiarity
with the material being presented in a passage, do not let this knowledge influence your choice of answers to the questions. Answer all questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage itself.

閱讀理解的應試策略

1.你不要期望完全熟悉閱讀理解的文章採用的所有素材。你可能會發現一些文章比其他文章容易理解，但所有的文章都被設計成具有挑戰性。如果你對文中的素材有一些熟悉，不要讓你的常識影響你選擇正確的答案。所有的正確答案都是基於文章的陳述或者暗示的。

2.Since the questions require specific and detailed understanding of the material in a passage, analyze each passage carefully the first time you read it. However, there are other ways of approaching reading comprehension passages: some test takes prefer to skim the passages the first time through or even to read the first question before reading the passage. You should choose the method most suitable for you.

2.因為文章的問題需要你精確而詳盡的理解文中的材料，所以在第一遍閱讀的時候要盡可能地仔細分析每一篇文章。當然，也有一些其他的閱讀方法。一些人喜歡在第一遍閱讀的時候快速略讀，一些人喜歡在讀文章前讀第一個問題。你應當選擇最適合你的方法。

3.Focus on key words and phrases, and make every effort to avoid losing the sense of what is being discussed. Keep the following in mind:

A. Note how each fact relates to an idea or an argument.
B. Note where the passage moves from one idea to the next.
C. Separate main ideas from supporting ideas.
D. Determine what conclusions are reached and why.

3.關注關鍵字和短語，並且盡可能地保持對所討論的東西的感覺。把下面幾個原則放在心上：

A．注意每個事實如何與觀點或論述發生關聯的
B．注意文章如何從一個觀點轉到另一個觀點的
C．從論點中總結出中心思想
D．推斷文章的結論以及為什麼

4. Read the questions carefully, making certain that you understand what is being asked. An answer choice may be incorrect, even though it accurately restates information given in the passage, if it does not answer the question. If you need to, refer back to the
passage for clarification.

4.仔細讀問題，弄清楚問題問的到底是什麼。一個選項如果沒有回答問題就是錯誤的，儘管它可能準確地重述了文中給出的資訊。你可能在必要的時候得重回文章定位。

5. Read all the choices carefully. Never assume that you have selected the best answer without first reading all the choices.

5.仔細閱讀所有選項。在沒有讀完所有選項時，別心存僥倖地認為已經找到最好答案。

6. Select the choice that best answers the question in terms of the information given in the passage. Do not rely on outside knowledge of the material for answering the question.

6.根據文中給出的資訊選擇最好的答案。不要依靠相關領域的其他知識來回答問題。

7. Remember that understanding, not speed, is the critical factor in reading comprehension.

7.記住，理解才是閱讀理解的關鍵因素，而速度不是。

[魚]

豬豬妹:D

這是OG p.315~316.

不過 看熟是應該的 ^^

[asicschu]

"魚妹妹"妳好唷!!
我是男生唷!! :P
我知道這是OG 裡面寫的...
覺得很重要...
所以才又貼出來的啦!!
覺得這樣看比看OG的感覺好一點!! :)