GMAT_GRE_LSAT閱讀全集 -PASSAGE 31 - 不太懂這篇文章, 請大家幫忙

[usamiyo]

* The number of women directors appointed to corpo- rate boards in the United States has increased dramati- cally, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors,
5) unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.
* Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the
10) chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers
CEO's) of large corpo- rations. However, such women CEO's are still rare. In addition, the ideal of six CEO's
female or male ) serving
15) on the board of each of the largest corporations is realiz- able only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director overcommitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs nextsought women in business who had the equivalent of
20) CEO experience. However, since it is only recently thatlarge numbers of women have begun to rise in manage-ment, the chairs began to recruit women of high achieve-ment outside the business world. Many such women arewell known for their contributions in government,
25) education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that thewomen from these sectors who were appointed wereoften acquaintances of the boards' chairs seems quitereasonable: chairs have always considered it importantfor directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.
*30) Although many successful women from outside thebusiness world are unknown to corporate leaders, thesewomen are particularly qualified to serve on boardsbecause of the changing nature of corporations. Today acompany's ability to be responsive to the concerns of the
35) community and the environment can influence that company's growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns. Although conditions have changed, it should be remem- bered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty
40) years old. Women of that generation were often encour- aged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career devel- opment of most of the outstandingly successful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve
45) on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector.
* One organization of women directors is helping busi- ness become more responsive to the changing needs of
50) society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population, and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are
55) potential candidates for corporate boards

1. The author of the passage would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements aboutachievement of the "ideal" mentioned in line 14?
(A) It has only recently become a possibility.
(B) It would be easier to meet if more CEO's werewomen
(C) It is very close to being a reality for most corporateboards.
(D) It might affect the quality of directors' service tocorporations.
(E) It would be more realizable if CEO's had a moreextensive range of business experience.

2. According to the passage, the pressure to appointwomen to corporate boards differs from the pressure toemploy women in the work force in which of thefollowing ways?
(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure because theyhave such a small number of openings.
(B) Corporate boards have received less pressure fromstockholders, consumers, and workers withincompanies to include women on their boards.
(C) Corporate boards have received less pressure fromthe media and the public to include women on theirboards.
(D) Corporations have only recently been pressured toinclude women on their boards.
(E) Corporations are not subject to statutory penalty forfailing to include women on their boards.

3. All of the following are examples of issues that theorganization described in the last paragraph would belikely to advise corporations on EXCEPT
(A) long-term inflation
(B) health and safety regulations
(C) retirement and pension programs
(D) the energy shortage
(E) how to develop new markets

4. It can be inferred from the passage that, when seeking toappoint new members to a corporation's board, the chairtraditionally looked for candidates who
(A) had legal and governmental experience
(B) had experience dealing with community affairs
(C) could work easily with other members of the board
(D) were already involved in establishing policy for thatcorporation
(E) had influential connections outside the businessworld

5. According to the passage, which of the following is trueabout women outside the business world who arecurrently serving on corporate boards?
(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.
(B) A large percentage will eventually work on the staffof corporations.
(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the boardto which they were appointed.
(D) A larger percentage are from government and lawthan are from the nonprofit sector.
(E) Most are less than fifty years old.

6. The passage suggests that corporations of the past differfrom modern corporations in which of the followingways?
(A) Corporations had greater input on governmentpolicies affecting the business community.
(B) Corporations were less responsive to the financialneeds of their employees.
(C) The ability of a corporation to keep up withchanging markets was not a crucial factor in itssuccess.
(D) A corporation's effectiveness in coping withcommunity needs was less likely to affect its growthand prosperity.
(E) Corporations were subject to more stringentgovernment regulations.

7. Which of the following best describes the organizationof the passage?
(A) A problem is described, and then reasons whyvarious proposed solutions succeeded or failed arediscussed.
(B) A problem is described, and then an advantage ofresolving it is offered.
(C) A problem is described, and then reasons for itscontinuing existence are summarized.
(D) The historical origins of a problem are described,and then various measures that have successfullyresolved it are discussed.
(E) The causes of a problem are described, and then itseffects are discussed.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that factors makingwomen uniquely valuable members of modern corporateboards would include which of the following?Ⅰ. The nature of modern corporationsⅡ. The increased number of women CEO'sⅢ. The careers pursued by women currently available toserve on corporate boards
(A) Ⅰonly
(B) Ⅱonly
(C) Ⅲ only
(D) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

Ans: DEECCDBD

我錯了第1.2.5.7.8題, 超慘的, 做了第2次,還是不懂第2.5.8題, 不知在文章的哪個部分,可看出答案. 請大家幫忙囉!

[davidlee0222]

很久沒來破解文章了
可以參考輕功主次要結構區隔
主結構線維持黑字
關鍵主動辭用紅字標出
次要結構用紫色
再次要用橄欖色
還有出現一次第四層結構用青綠色

* The number of women directors appointed to corpo- rate boards in the United States has increased dramati- cally, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors,
5) unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.


* Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the
10) chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers
CEO's) of large corpo- rations. However, such women CEO's are still rare. In addition, the ideal of six CEO's
female or male ) serving
15) on the board of each of the largest corporations is realiz- able only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director overcommitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business who had the equivalent of
20) CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in manage-ment, the chairs began to recruit women of high achieve-ment outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government,
25) education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards' chairs seems quitereasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.


*30) Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a company's ability to be responsive to the concerns of the
35) community and the environment can influence that company's growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns.


Although conditions have changed, it should be remem- bered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty
40) years old. Women of that generation were often encour- aged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career devel- opment of most of the outstandingly successful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve
45) on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector.


* One organization of women directors is helping busi- ness become more responsive to the changing needs of
50) society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population, and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are
55) potential candidates for corporate boards


1. The author of the passage would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements aboutachievement of the "ideal" mentioned in line 14?
(A) It has only recently become a possibility.
(B) It would be easier to meet if more CEO's werewomen
(C) It is very close to being a reality for most corporateboards.
(D) It might affect the quality of directors' service tocorporations.
(E) It would be more realizable if CEO's had a moreextensive range of business experience.

2. According to the passage, the pressure to appointwomen to corporate boards differs from the pressure toemploy women in the work force in which of thefollowing ways?
(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure because theyhave such a small number of openings.
(B) Corporate boards have received less pressure fromstockholders, consumers, and workers withincompanies to include women on their boards.
(C) Corporate boards have received less pressure fromthe media and the public to include women on theirboards.
(D) Corporations have only recently been pressured toinclude women on their boards.
(E) Corporations are not subject to statutory penalty forfailing to include women on their boards.

3. All of the following are examples of issues that theorganization described in the last paragraph would belikely to advise corporations on EXCEPT
(A) long-term inflation
(B) health and safety regulations
(C) retirement and pension programs
(D) the energy shortage
(E) how to develop new markets

4. It can be inferred from the passage that, when seeking toappoint new members to a corporation's board, the chairtraditionally looked for candidates who
(A) had legal and governmental experience
(B) had experience dealing with community affairs
(C) could work easily with other members of the board
(D) were already involved in establishing policy for thatcorporation
(E) had influential connections outside the businessworld

5. According to the passage, which of the following is trueabout women outside the business world who arecurrently serving on corporate boards?
(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.
(B) A large percentage will eventually work on the staffof corporations.
(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the boardto which they were appointed.
(D) A larger percentage are from government and lawthan are from the nonprofit sector.
(E) Most are less than fifty years old.

6. The passage suggests that corporations of the past differfrom modern corporations in which of the followingways?
(A) Corporations had greater input on governmentpolicies affecting the business community.
(B) Corporations were less responsive to the financialneeds of their employees.
(C) The ability of a corporation to keep up withchanging markets was not a crucial factor in itssuccess.
(D) A corporation's effectiveness in coping withcommunity needs was less likely to affect its growthand prosperity.
(E) Corporations were subject to more stringentgovernment regulations.

7. Which of the following best describes the organizationof the passage?
(A) A problem is described, and then reasons whyvarious proposed solutions succeeded or failed arediscussed.
(B) A problem is described, and then an advantage ofresolving it is offered.
(C) A problem is described, and then reasons for itscontinuing existence are summarized.
(D) The historical origins of a problem are described,and then various measures that have successfullyresolved it are discussed.
(E) The causes of a problem are described, and then itseffects are discussed.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that factors makingwomen uniquely valuable members of modern corporateboards would include which of the following?Ⅰ. The nature of modern corporationsⅡ. The increased number of women CEO'sⅢ. The careers pursued by women currently available toserve on corporate boards
(A) Ⅰonly
(B) Ⅱonly
(C) Ⅲ only
(D) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

Ans: DEECCDBD

我錯了第1.2.5.7.8題, 超慘的, 做了第2次,還是不懂第2.5.8題, 不知在文章的哪個部分,可看出答案. 請大家幫忙囉!

[davidlee0222]

美國被指派到公司董事會的女性總監人數大幅提升
但女男總監的比例仍低
即使雇用女性總監的壓力並不是來自法令(不像一般工作環境的那種壓力)
這樣的壓力仍舊實際存在.

即使首先僱用女總監的是小公司
大公司近日在董事會中有更高的女總監比例
當大公司董事長開始僱用女性於董事會中
他們一開始也是從大公司的女性CEO找起
然而 這樣的女性CEO很少
再者 理想的每個大公司六人(包含男女)董事會
只有在每位CEO各擔任六家公司董事時才能落實
這引發了總監過度投入及導致投入度稀釋的質疑
結果 董事長們退求其次找有等同CEO經驗的商界女性
然而 由於只有近日才有大量女性位居高階
董事長們開始僱用商界以外有高度成就的女性
許多這類女性的成就在政府,教育,及非營利組織高度知名
“從這些領域出身而被指定的女性多半是董事長的熟人”這個事實
常常很合理
董事長總是認為在董事會中互動合諧非常重要

雖然很多商界以外的成功女性不為公司領導人熟知
這些女性特別符合資格來任職董事
因為公司本質的改變
今天企業回饋社區與環境的能力
會影響公司的成長與生存
女性會特別適合於回應某些特殊議題

即使情勢已經改變
大多兩性總監都超過五十歲這件事需要憶及
這一代的女人多半被鼓勵將心力貢獻在社會改善上
這個事實在五十歲這代的絕大多(任職於董事會的)成功女性的事業歷程中有被反映出來
25%在教育領域
22%在政府,法律,及非營利組織

一個女性總監組成的機構正在以提昇企業對社會議題認知的方式
協助企業對社會需求改變更能彈性回饋
例如經濟,政令,老化人口,以及環境問題
這個組織也同樣對那些未來企業董事會候選人的成功女性
提供作為資訊交流中心的服務

[davidlee0222]

2. According to the passage, the pressure to appoint women to corporate boards differs from the pressure to employ women in the work force in which of the following ways?

文章第一段最後具有講到
即使雇用女董事不像僱用一般女職員一樣有受到法律壓力
但壓力還是在

因此題目問僱用女董事跟僱用一般女職員的差別在哪
就是差在法律有約束僱用一般女職員
但沒有對僱用女董事施壓
E

(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure because theyhave such a small number of openings.
(B) Corporate boards have received less pressure fromstockholders, consumers, and workers withincompanies to include women on their boards.
(C) Corporate boards have received less pressure fromthe media and the public to include women on theirboards.
(D) Corporations have only recently been pressured toinclude women on their boards.
(E) Corporations are not subject to statutory penalty forfailing to include women on their boards.


5. According to the passage, which of the following is true about women outside the business world who arecurrently serving on corporate boards?

中間段的後半倒數幾句有講
即使企業外部的成功女性多為董事長的"熟識"
acquaintance這個字沒辦法
就是硬梆梆的單字量夠不夠
C

(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.
(B) A large percentage will eventually work on the staffof corporations.
(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the boardto which they were appointed.
(D) A larger percentage are from government and lawthan are from the nonprofit sector.
(E) Most are less than fifty years old.


8. It can be inferred from the passage that factors making women uniquely valuable members of modern corporate boards would include which of the following?Ⅰ. The nature of modern corporationsⅡ. The increased number of women CEO'sⅢ. The careers pursued by women currently available toserve on corporate boards

最後段有提到
讓女性獨特的原因是因為企業本質的改變
及她們的事業成長歷程
沒有講到跟女性CEO人數的關係
只有I跟III
D

(A) Ⅰonly
(B) Ⅱonly
(C) Ⅲ only
(D) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

Ans: DEECCDBD

我錯了第1.2.5.7.8題, 超慘的, 做了第2次,還是不懂第2.5.8題, 不知在文章的哪個部分,可看出答案. 請大家幫忙囉!

[usamiyo]

感謝大衛的協助,真是厲害!

看了你解析, 又做了一次2.5.8題, 對於第5題, 還是有疑問, 因為題目"who are currently serving on corporate boards讓我一直注意文章第3段, 這裡的who(over fifty women)跟文章acquaintances的女性指的是同一批來至outside the business world囉! 因為答案是這麼說的. 做題時卻看不出來. 唉!