OG48-27(biology)(難題)

[agk99]

Passage 27(biology)(Contrast A, B, C)

Until recently, scientists did not know of (?) a close vertebrate(having a backbone) analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial(真社會) insects like ants and bees, whereby (這麼一來) individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for(表目的) the good of others(難句). However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies(group of animal) of the highly social rodent(嚙齒目動物) Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.(晏鼠)
第一段：大意是說，科學家直到最近，才找到如同螞蟻、蜜蜂一般，有擁有利他個性、共同合作、甚至是犧牲生命的例證。

A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive(蜂房), wasp’s nest(蜂巢), or termite mound(蟻窩), is ruled by its queen, or reproducing(繁衍下一代) female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate(排卵) nor breed. The queen of the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably(這也能考!!), chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity(長年被囚禁), and when they die or are removed from a colony one(人們) sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading(??) to a takeover by a new queen.
第二段：就像傳統的昆蟲一般，這種晏鼠族群由皇后控制，由他負責生育及繁殖，透過複雜的行為及化學物制掌握族群。女后通常是不動的，但一旦她死了或被removed，就有激烈的爭鬥，由一位勝出的女鼠繼任權力，擔任新后

Eusocial insect societies have rigid(rigor) caste systems(class feeling)(必考), each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand(代表後面的老鼠與昆蟲不同), differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller non-breeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling(挖隧道). Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates(生長速度) may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.
第三段：昆蟲的角色不同，由他們的行為、身體型態、生理能特點做區分；在鼠輩裡，不同的行為則是和生殖狀況、身體大小及年齡有關。體型小的不論公的母的，都得負責收集食物、運輸及挖地道，大的則是得扮演好保衛族群，還有搬開地道的垃圾。動作快慢與年齡無關，而是由發育速度決定。
此外，第三論的功能在於比較昆蟲與鼠的相似程度

Cooperative breeding has evolved(群交在脊椎動物中演化多次) many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog,必考 Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor(分工行為) within social groups is less pronounced(very noticeable) among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, 指其他的脊椎動物群體也是colony size is much smaller, and mating (mate:交配) by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed.
第四段提的該是一個新的事情，cooperate breeding，這樣的情況早就有了，但除了晏鼠與野狼外，都是一起掌控而非由女后掌握，other vertebrate animals的分工不明確，族群數目也少，且與下級的女人交配也不被禁止，晏鼠可不同，很多次級女子沒有性生活。

[agk99]

agk99代為移轉:

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate(having a backbone) analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial(真社會) insects like ants and bees, whereby (這麼一來) individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for(表目的) the good of others(難句). However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies(group of animal) of the highly social rodent(嚙齒目動物) Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.(晏鼠)


請教一下紅色部分句子，
scientists did not know of a close vertebrate.....

有know其後加介系詞片語的用法嗎？麻煩解釋一下該句為何可以用know of ...的結構，謝謝大家。

[agk99]

先回答邁向高等學府的問題

know of..have information about or experience of sb/sth
也就是知道某人/某事的情況
有這種片語(我也是查字典的)

套用到這句，並且運用大衛閱讀法
Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others.

也就是說，科學家最近才知道有vertebrate 和insects一樣，有著極端利他行為的表現

紅色是主要結構，粗體是主要動詞

其實我覺得這一篇文章不易讀也就算了，162及165兩題相當有難度，討論到differ的話，ETS的邏輯就是要"兩個比較對象"、"兩者差異的細節"，都得具備，而不是文中有說/沒說就可以做為解題的依據，請特別注意

看了OG的解答，感覺真好

[davidlee0222]

哈哈哈
蘇珊同鞋
閱讀有時是不照修辭規則滴
重點是閱讀的文章意義
連consider都會加as哩

老大
不好意思
邁向高等學府是偶門粉久以前的組員啦
粉久沒出現了

[邁向高等學府]

不好意思，之前查longman contemporary dictioinary 時，一時查不到該用法，現在找到了…，原來是有"have information"之意。感謝agk999熱心指導
大衛組長，感謝你的指教…，不過，我會想了解用法，是想把它應用在我的作文…。
不過，大衛組長提出的閱讀法非常好用喔…
關於未來其他問題，還請大家多指教。

[davidlee0222]

哈哈哈
開玩笑
這招可是嘔心瀝血才擠出來滴
妳不在的那幾個月
偶把歐姬都快翻譯完了說~

[cg]

想單獨問問 本篇中的 Q166

問Q166
166. One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to
(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph
(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph
(C) qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar
(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study
(E) demonstrate that, of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance

OG中的解釋 The best answer is C. The third paragraph provides information contrasting naked mole rate societies with eusocial insect societies, whereas earlier in the passage, similarities between the two kinds of societies have been emphasized.

第三段不是在比較兩者的差異嗎？為何因此推斷出第三段的function是qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar到底怎樣看得出similarities between the two kinds of societies have been emphasized.

看了解釋 還是一頭霧水
現在只理解到其他選項是錯的

麻煩大家幫忙解惑 Thank you!

[best555tw]

qualify : if you qualify a statement, you make it less strong or less general by adding a detail or explanation to it
(C)意思是說縮少前兩段談論的範圍
因為前面說vertebrate(mole rat)跟insect一樣有社會組織
然後第二段就說他們兩者間的相同處
第三段說除了相同處之外
也有不一樣的地方(縮小的範圍，因為第一段開始就是談論vertebrate跟insect的相同點，但事實上並不就是完全相同)

-->如果還是在談論相同點，就不是qualify了

[best555tw]

qualify
question
counter
refute
challenge
differentiate

代表反駁的字眼(補習班的講義)

不過我覺得qualify不那麼反駁
是限定一個範圍
vertebrate跟insect在相同點之間存在差異性而不是完全相同

[cg]

原來重點還是在詞性上 qualify
終於瞭解了 非常感謝你的解釋

[joanna143]

非常感謝!!!!原來是這個字的問題
找遍大陸人網站只看到一堆似是而非的解釋:)

[kenlo2006]

請問大家

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies(group of animal) of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.

我不懂這 analogue to 的用法, 我一直以為是用 A is analogue of B
請幫忙我一下..謝謝
[/b]

[kenlo2006]

沒有回應,可能程度跟大家差太多了
剛才再看了一次句子, 好像心中有了答案, 再上來自問自答一番, 大家多指教...

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees.....

a close vertebrate analogue 當然是noun
所以 to the extreme form 是修飾 know of
至於 "to" 表"程度到達"之意
有點這樣的味道吧.... I study GMAT to a possible insanity.

[ling258.liu]

真是厲害,前人種樹後人乘涼

[!阿斯拉]

[quote="agk99"]agk99代為移轉:

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate(having a backbone) analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial(真社會) insects like ants and bees, whereby (這麼一來) individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for(表目的) the good of others(難句). However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies(group of animal) of the highly social rodent(嚙齒目動物) Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.(晏鼠)


請教一個問題喔
whereby是關代嗎？ 有些字典說這是關代 適用於此嗎??
謝謝各位大大