有不會背的ＧＲＥ單字嗎？照過來！我教你！

[fmdr4428]

GRE高分每日溫習【難字精選】

hieratic ['haɪə'rætɪk] adj. 神職的；神職人員用的
（字源）hier/atic
hier-：holy 神聖的(記法：hier就是higher)
（例句）
She raised both his arms in an outlandish hieratic gesture.
她以一個古怪的神職姿勢舉起她的雙手。

衍生字
hier+arch+yKK [ˋhaɪə͵rɑrkɪ] DJ [ˋhaiərɑ:ki] 等級制度/僧侶統治（集團）/統治集團/【生】級系，階系
hier(holy)+arch(統治)+y ->僧侶統治（集團）

hieroglyph KK [ˋhaɪərə͵glɪf] DJ [ˋhaiərəglif] 象形符號；象形文字
hieroglyph =hier(holy)+o(為發音方便的連結字母)+glyph(=graph：格林法則，l、r互換)-> 神聖的圖形->象形文字
註：緯書《春秋元命苞》中，記載倉頡「龍顏侈侈，四目靈光，實有睿德，生而能書。於是窮天地之變，仰觀奎星圓曲之勢，俯察龜文鳥羽山川，指掌而創文字，天為雨粟，鬼為夜哭，龍乃潛藏。」
所以，說象形文字是「神聖的圖形」一點也不為過。
---------------------------------
saturnine [ˈsætərnaɪn] adj.性格陰沉的，表情憂鬱的，譏諷的
（字源）Saturn（n. 土星） + < -ine：“像…”字尾 >：像土象星座的 →
火象、風象、土象、水象星座中以土象星座最為沈靜故引申出saturnine「憂鬱的；陰沉的」意思。

（衍生）Saturday（n. 星期六）：Saturday=saturn+day->日語稱星期六為「土曜日 (どようび)」
（聯想）Saturn（n. 土星）+ nine（n. 九）。一天被叫九次土星 → 憂鬱的。

（補充）星期神話
古埃及天文學家認為宇宙有七顆星球每天一星球神明值班
Sunday (Sun) 太陽 (太陽神)->日曜日 (にちようび)
〈sun就是日〉

Monday (Moon) 月亮 (月亮神是太陽神之妻)->月曜日 (げつようび)
〈mon就是moon的變形〉

英國人祖先來自北歐，所以把其他幾個日子，從希臘羅馬神話，換成北歐神話的諸神。
Tuesday (Mars) 火星 (北歐神話的戰神Tyr)->火曜日 (かようび)
〈"火"很可怕、也很可惡，所以是"惡火"，"惡火"="二火"，所以火曜日 就是星期二！〉

Wednesday (Mercury) 水星 (北歐神話的天神Woden)->水曜日 (すいようび)
〈山水=三水，所以星期三就是水曜日〉

Thursday (Jupiter) 木星 (北歐神話的雷神索爾Thor)，Thunder雷聲->木曜日 (もくようび)
〈戴眼鏡的四眼田雞俗稱"四目"，"四目"="四木"所以星期四就是木曜日〉

Friday (Venus) 金星 (北歐神話中的愛神Freya)->金曜日 (きんようび)
〈星期五就記成"五金行"的五金，所以星期五就是金曜日〉

Saturday Saturn土星+day (宙斯的爸爸，羅馬人叫他Saturn, 希臘人叫他Cronus)->土曜日 (どようび)
〈星期六是土曜日，記成「六土」->音似「路途」〉

（例句）
A saturnine customs officer looked through our baggage.
一個神情冷漠的海關關員檢查了我們的行李。
（同義）gloomy, glum, morose, sulky, sullen, surly, cheerless
---------------------------------
execrate [ˈɛksɪˌkret] vt.憎惡； 厭惡； 詛咒； 咒駡
（字源）ex/xerate
< ex-：out 排除 > + < -xecrate：sacred 神的 > → 基督教徒覺得神離開自己 →受到詛咒(才會如此)。
（例句）
He execrated all who opposed him.
他咒罵所有反對他的人。
（同義）abhor, abominate, accurse, loathe, impute, thunder , dislike, detest
---------------------------------
vitiate [ˈvɪʃiˌet] vt.& vi.（使）削弱； （使）破壞； （使）損害； （使）無效
（字源）wicked（adj. 邪惡的）+ < -ate：動詞字尾 > → 使…變壞 → 使失效。
音記：viti發音似「萎虛」+ate(動詞字尾，使)->使萎虛->（使）削弱
（例句）
The contract was vitiated because one person signed under compulsion.
該契約由於一人系被迫簽字而無效。
（同義）corrupt, debauch, deprave, pervert ,deteriorate ,demoralize ,impute ,shame
---------------------------------
venial [ˈviniəl] adj.（錯誤、罪過等）輕微的，可原諒的
（字源）ven/ial
< ven-：Venus 金星 > → 愛神維娜斯 → 愛 → 寬恕的 → 可原諒的。
參考：minimal(m和v互換)

（例句）
His transgressing is venial.
他的踰矩行為是可被原諒的。
（同義）excusable, forgivable, pardonable, remissible

[fmdr4428]

GRE高分每日溫習【難字精選】
fulminate [ˈfʊlməˌnet] vt.強烈批評n.[化]雷酸鹽，雷汞； 烈性炸藥
（字源）ful/minate
< ful- = fulg-：flash 閃光 > → 打雷閃電 → 雷聲大作 → 大聲斥責。
（衍生）fulgent（adj. 光輝燦爛的）。
諧音：發罵那頭->罵，就是強烈批評
（例句）
an article fulminating against American Imperialism 一篇嚴厲譴責美帝國主義的文章
From every pulpit, clergymen fulminate against sin.
牧師們在各教學嚴辭譴責罪行。
（同義）rant/ thunder
------------------------------------
frangible ['frændʒəbəl adj.易碎的，脆的，脆弱的
（字源）frang/ible
< fra- = frag- = fract-：break 打破 > → 易打破的 → 易碎的。
(fra- =break也可說明frail、friable)
（例句）
The museum stored all the frangible articles in the locked showcases.
博物館將所有易碎的物品都保存在上了鎖的陳列櫥裏。
（同義）breakable/delicate/ frail /crumbly /friable /fragile/rickety/ fissile /shaky
/flimsy/ brittle /splintery

說明：
fissile，名詞為fission分裂(比較：fusion融合)，參考熟詞：fissure裂縫，裂隙
發音：會酥->易碎的

flimsy [`flɪmzɪ] 脆弱的；易損壞的；輕薄的
諧音：膚臨離(皮膚瀕臨支離破碎)->脆弱的；易損壞的
You can describe weak, thin, and fragile things as flimsy. Onion smells are strong, onion skins are flimsy.
Blaming onions for making you cry during a sad movie, that's a flimsy excuse, when there are no onions
in the theater.
He flipped open the flimsy box and took out the contents.他輕拍那個脆弱的盒子取出裏面的東西。
She felt cold in her flimsy dress . 她穿著單薄的衣服覺得很冷。

splintery KK [ˋsplɪntərɪ] DJ [ˋsplintəri] 發音：s-p-lin-te-ry->撕-布-令-它-裂->易裂開的/破片的
------------------------------------
sanguine [ˈsæŋɡwɪn]
adj.樂觀的，充滿希望的； 面色紅潤的； 血紅色的
n.血紅色； 自信，樂觀
（字源）e/bull/ience
< sang-：blood 血紅色 > → 面色紅潤的 → 樂觀的。
諧音：有「善根」的人是樂觀的
（例句）
Unfortunately, it may be too early to be sanguine about a sustained recovery in trade and thus in the world economy.
不幸的是，現在對貿易和全球經濟持久復甦抱樂觀的態度還為時過早。
（同義）confident/optimistic/confident /cheerful/optimistic/hopeful/expectant

註：
sanguine是紅潤的、樂觀的，sanguinary是血腥的，不僅字形相似，且兩字皆源於字根sang- = blood，
但意義卻南轅北轍，很容易搞混，要如何區辨兩字呢？可用對應的觀念來破解：
sang- = blood=>

sang- + y=blood + y=>

sanguinary(sang- + y)=bloody(blood + y)

亦即看到sanguinary的y就要想到bloody的y；結尾有ｙ（歪）的，意思就是負面的（血腥的）
------------------------------------
deipnosophist [daɪp'nɒsəfɪst] n.餐桌上的健談者
（字源）deipno/soph/ist
< deipno(與dine有關)：a meal 一頓飯 > + < -sophist：智者 > → 餐桌上的健談者。
（例句）
The author of the Deipnosophists was an Egyptian, born in Naucratis, a town on the left side of the Canopic Mouth of the Nile.
------------------------------------
apodictic [əpɒ'dɪktɪk] adj.
（字源）原意為show/demonstrate的意思
記法：apo(away)+dict+ic->連說都不用說(一show出來就馬上知道正確了)->絕對正確的，必然的

Anything apodictic is certain: it cannot be disputed. The existence of gravity is apodictic.
This word comes from a Greek verb meaning to demonstrate, and it applies to things that have been demonstrated beyond a shadow of a doubt. An apodictic statement is absolutely, completely, unquestionably true. Usually, this applies to the logic of a statement or argument that is airtight. Lawyers try to make apodictic arguments: flawless arguments. If something is apodictic, there’s no point in questioning it. “Slavery is wrong” is an apodictic statement.

（例句）He is not interested in the merely schematic概要的/圖解的 character of the thought processes, but in their function as mediators of apodictic truth.

[fmdr4428]

再補充新制GRE熟詞僻義


考題單字----------- 熟悉的字義---------- 實戰字義-----------------記法
appropriate --------a. 適當的 ------------v. 盜用；挪用-----------諧音：阿波羅(人)埔里(地)->A錢、偷錢-> 盜用；挪用(公款)

assume -------------v. 假設；以為 -------v. 承擔-------------------諧音：二叔母(承擔起來)

attuned ------------a. 協調的 ------------a. 理解的；適應的-----at-to, tune調音->把樂器(人)調音(整)到(to)需要的狀態->適應的

autumnal ----------a. 秋天的 -------------a. 中年的----------------少年-青年-中年-老年，秋天正好對應到人生的中年

awash -------------a. (被海浪)洗刷的-----a.充斥的；淹沒的------(被海浪)洗刷就是被海浪淹沒的意思

bait ----------------n. 餌 -------------------v. 引誘 v. 折磨---------用餌來引誘、折磨人

balloon ------------n. 氣球 ----------------v. 迅速增加-------------像氣球一樣 迅速上升(增加)

balm ---------------n. 香膏 ----------------n. 慰藉------------------用香膏(精)來慰藉疲憊的身心

bluntness ----------n. 鈍-------------------n. 駑鈍；直言不諱------鈍到直言不諱

brook --------------n. 小河；小溪 ---------v. 容忍(許)
brook=b(river)ook
這樣想：一條河很大，能把一條小溪河包在裏頭的書，它的包容性應該很大
所以以下這樣說，大家應該會同意：

「一本書book包容(容許)一條小溪河river在它裏面流動」， 這種情形我們把它叫作「brook」！
這句話把小溪與 容忍(許)關聯了起來，讓人瞬間印象深刻，久久難忘。

[fmdr4428]

作者liamasso (xx帝國)
看板GRE
標題[分享] GRE熟詞僻義藍寶書
時間Mon Jun 8 18:00:04 2015

GRE單字該怎麼背最有效呢？？

重複再重複，查韋氏字典，多背幾本單字書，其實都是好方法。
但，如果方向錯了，單字背熟了，還是很可能題目作錯！

所以，我們堅持，單字的字義，
從實戰中出現的真經題中精選出考題中的意思。

例如你背的：ape n. 人猿，

可能就因為太容易而忽略這個字，

而真正實戰中考的字義卻是： v. 盲目模仿
--

單字與其字義，當然對考生來說是多多益善，

但，如果以CP值來說，我們應該採用八二法則，

把八成的時間拿來背實戰中會出現的單字與字義，

另外心有餘力的二成時間，才來多背其它的單字。

這次老師把最新考題出過的熟詞僻義一次整理出來，

希望大家考前一定要多看過幾次。

雖然網上有GRE熟詞僻義表，但幾乎都是舊G時代的產物。

所以這次，我們提供最新版新制GRE實戰單字。

而且是不摻雜舊G的。希望幫同學達到省時高效。

完整版381個熟詞僻義，都收錄在最新的【GRE熟詞僻義藍寶書】歡迎下載哦 ^^
免費下載點：https://goo.gl/VsjRC

[fmdr4428]

會不會覺得交通工具的介系詞很難分呢？
到底是on the car 還是in the car?
到底是on a bus 還是in a bus?
今天小編幫大家彙整了交通工具的慣用介系詞，
快來分清楚吧:D
什麼時候會使用 ”on”?

影片應用練習: https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/7480/10 ... blog_13367


如果你能在交通工具上自由走動，就使用較介系詞on！
舉例：on a ship (在船上), on a bus (在公車上), on a plane (在飛機上), on a train (在火車上), on a ferry (在渡輪上), on a subway (在地鐵上)
此外，如果我們能坐著或站在交通工具上，也使用on！
舉例：on a bicycle (在腳踏車上), on a surfboard (在衝浪板上), on a motorcycle (在機車上), on a skateboard (在滑板上), on skis (在滑雪板上), on ice skates (穿著溜冰鞋), on a snowboard (在滑雪板上)

什麼時候會使用”In”?

影片應用練習:

https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/5546?re ... blog_13367


一個很好用的判斷方式：如果你需要將自己縮進交通工具中，通常使用in
舉例：in a rowboat (在小船中), in a taxi (在計程車裡), in a car (在車子中), in a truck (在卡車中), in a helicopter (在直昇機中)


什麼時候會使用”by”?

影片應用練習:

https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/18339/3 ... blog_13367


當你提到旅行所使用的交通工具總稱時，就使用by
舉例：We can travel by bike, by motorcycle, by car, by van, by lorry, by truck, by train, by plane, by bus, by ship, by tram, or by boat.
(我們可以透過腳踏車、機車、車子、箱型車、卡車、火車、飛機、公車、船隻、電車來旅行)

小彙整，有沒有更清楚了呢？


1.by bus ( 撘公車 ) = on a bus = take a bus
2.by car ( 開車 / 搭車) = in a car = drive / take a car
3.by taxi ( 搭計程車) = in a taxi = take a taxi
4. by plane ( 搭飛機 ) = on a plane = take a plane
5. by train ( 火車) = on a train = take a train
6. by bicycle ( 騎腳踏車) = on a bicycle = ride a bike
7. by motorcycle ( 騎機車) = on a motorcycle = ride a motorcycle
8. by horse ( 騎馬 ) = on a horse = ride a horse
作者：Sylvia Chu

[fmdr4428]

南韓首爾市政府2015年6月5日表示，1名醫生確診感染MERS，他出現疑似症狀後曾參加
1500多人參加的座談會(symposium)，疫情恐擴散。

symposium(n. 座談會)來自希臘文symposion =字首sym-(表together) +-po-(表drink)+名詞字尾sion。

字面上表「一起喝」。古希臘人喜歡邊喝酒邊討論事情，故symposium後來有座談會之意(此種座談會之後常常伴隨宴會)

同源字：
#potion [ˋpoʃən] DJ [ˋpəuʃən] 飲劑、藥物

1. literary -a drink intended to have a special or magic effect on the person who drinks it
【文】〔有特效或魔力的〕飲劑
a love potion 春藥飲劑

2. humorous -a medicine, especially one that seems strange, old-fashioned, or unnecessary
【幽默】藥物〔尤指看上去奇怪﹑過時或不必要的藥物〕
treating herself with pills and potions 用各種藥劑給她自己治療

#potable [ˋpotəb!] DJ [ˋpəutəbəl] 【正式】〔水〕可飲用的
water that is potable is suitable for drinking

=====================================================================================
symposium (n.) 字源

1580s, "account of a gathering or party," from Latin symposium "drinking party, symposium," from Greek symposion "drinking party, convivial gathering of the educated" (related to sympotes "drinking companion"), from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + posis "a drinking," from a stem of Aeolic ponen "to drink," cognate with Latin potare "to drink" (see potion).

The symposium usually followed a dinner, for the Greeks did not drink at meals. Its enjoyment was heightened by intellectual or agreeable conversation, by the introduction of music or dancers, and by other amusements. [Century Dictionary]

The sense of "a meeting on some subject" is from 1784. Reflecting the Greek fondness for mixing wine and intellectual discussion, the modern sense is especially from the word being used as a title for one of Plato's dialogues. Greek plural is symposia, and the leader of one is a symposiarch (c. 1600 in English). Related: Symposiac (adj.); symposial.

[fmdr4428]

gre字根po, pe, pu, pau- ： few, little, poor

例如
poor (a.)貧窮的,貧乏的,不幸的,可憐的,拙劣的,卑鄙的,乏味的,無聊的

penury 貧困,貧窮

paucity 少數,少量,缺乏
pauper 貧民,被救濟者,窮人
pau-： poor

pusillanimous (a.)無氣力的,膽怯的,優柔寡斷的
pu(sill)+anim+ous->膽怯的

puerile [ˋpjuə͵rɪl] DJ [ˋpjuərail] (a.)孩子氣的,天真的,未成熟的
pu(er)- ： little->孩子氣的,天真的,未成熟的

poor (a.)貧窮的,貧乏的,不幸的,可憐的,拙劣的,卑鄙的,乏味的,無聊的
poverty u貧窮,貧困;貧乏,缺少

impoverish in (進入，使 ) + po(窮)-> (vt.)使貧窮,使枯竭

[fmdr4428]

GRE高分每日溫習【分類詞彙複習 】

✿假的東西

apocrypha n.偽經，偽書
偽經(<舊約全書>中猶太人不予承認為希伯來<聖經>的經籍。它們在宗教改革中也不被收入到新教的<聖經>中)

apocryphal adj 偽經的，假冒的

字源
Apocrypha=apo(away)+crypha(kryptein=hide)->those having been hidden away
(真實性或真實作者隱匿不明的書)

例句
Almost all historians consider the story of George Washington's cutting down a cherry apocryphal.
註
上面「偽經」的說法是很籠統的講法，欲知詳情，請google查詢。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
canard n.謠言，假新聞
請見 spank 所寫「canard的故事」， 2009-12-02 (72頁)
canard的故事

denture n.假牙
dummy n 傀儡,假人,啞巴a 虛擬的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
effigy n.假人，模擬像
a figure made of wood, paper, stone etc, that looks like a person, especially one that makes the person
look ugly or funny〔尤指醜化本人的木[紙﹐石等]質〕雕像; 肖像; 模擬像
同義字：dummy

源自figure

諧音記法：愛畫己-> 肖像; 模擬像

1. [+of]
an effigy of the prime minister 首相的模擬像

2. burn/hang sb in effigy -to burn or hang a figure of someone at a political DEMONSTRATION because you hate them
〔在政治示威中〕焚燒某人的模擬像; 對某人的模擬像處以絞刑
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falsie [ˋfɔlsɪz] DJ [ˋfɔ:lsiz] n 假髮，假鬍鬚(false+i->false+wig)，﹐假乳房(襯胸---墊在乳罩內側使乳房顯得豐滿)

figment n.虛構的東西(源自figure圖像->圖像只是像，不是真實的東西，是假的)

mannequin [ˋmænəkɪn] DJ [ˋmænəkin] n.時裝模特兒，假人
同manikin ，記法：man(n)+equi(N)相等的->與人相同的->時裝模特兒，假人

mask n.假面具，v.隱藏(感情)
pseudonym n.假名,筆名
rumor n 謠言,傳聞v 謠傳

toupee [tuˋpe] DJ [ˋtu:pei] n.男用假髮
源自top(最高點)，最初的意思是戴在頭頂(最高點)的人造捲髮(未必與禿頭有關，例如英國法官所戴的假髮)，後專指男用假髮

toupee 字源
1727, from French toupet "tuft of hair, forelock," diminutive formed from Old French top "tuft, forelock, topknot" (12c.), from Frankish *top or another Germanic source related to top (n.1) "highest point." Originally an artificial curl or lock on the top of the head; a style, not necessarily a compensation for baldness. In 18c., also sometimes used of a person who wears a toupee. Slang short form toup is recorded from 1959.

wig n.假髮
諧音：偽(皮)革->假髮 ， 偽->假 (皮)革->髮

[fmdr4428]

GRE高分每日溫習【分類詞彙複習 】

✿侮辱,褻瀆

abuse v.n.辱駡，濫用

affront v.侮辱，冒犯
諧音：爾犯他->冒犯

hector v.淩辱，威嚇
諧音：嚇恐他->威嚇

humiliate v.使屈辱，使丟臉
ignominy n.羞恥，屈辱
ignominious adj.可恥的，屈辱的

mortify v.使屈辱，使痛心
諧音：磨他(心)懷(磨練他的心志)->使屈辱

mortification n.恥辱，屈辱
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opprobrious adj.辱駡的，惡名聲的

opprobrium n.惡名聲，侮辱
strong public criticism, hatred, or shame 【正式】公眾強烈的批評; 羞辱; 恥辱

Origin
Mid 17th century: from Latin, literally 'infamy', from opprobrum, from ob- 'against' + probrum 'disgraceful act'

例句
in the face of public opprobrium 面對公眾猛烈的批評

A very inappropriate act leads to opprobrium for the person who did the act. "Infamy" — extreme dishonor, often with lasting consequences — is a synonym for opprobrium.

The writers get the credit, the byline photo, the Twitter followers; the copy editor usually receives the opprobrium.
The Guardian Jun 9, 2015

People who violate the limits can suffer opprobrium, damage to their reputations, and even the loss of their jobs.
The New Yorker May 12, 2015

In any case, Kenya’s government could not afford to move so vast a throng of people. Nor would it(Kenya’s government) enjoy the opprobrium if it defied international law by evicting refugees. Economist May 7, 2015
在任何情況下,肯亞政府都無力遷移如此龐大的(難民)人群。 如果肯亞政府違抗國際法驅逐難民，它也不會遭受罵名(因為肯亞政府已經夠人道，收留難民25年)。

註：肯亞政府從1991年起開始收容索馬里難民(Somali refugees)，當時內戰的炮火將索馬里轟炸的支離破碎。達達布難民營就是當年設立的，它位於肯亞東北部，距離與索馬里接壤邊境約100公里，是目前為止全球最大的難民營，肯亞境內大部分索馬里難民都生活在這裡。據《衛報》報導，達達布難民營最高曾收容50萬索馬里難民。目前該難民營容納超過35萬難民。

quiz
opprobrium means :
1.protuberance
2.obloquy
3.indigence
4.utilization

(Ans：2)
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indignity n 侮辱
insult n 侮辱,無禮v 傲慢無禮,侮辱,刺激

blasphemy (n.) KK [ˋblæsfɪmɪ] DJ [ˋblæsfimi] n.褻瀆，瀆神
blasphemy ->blast 攻击 + pheme +y(n.)说->說攻擊的話->褻瀆
He committed blasphemy against religion . 他犯了對宗教的褻瀆罪。

desecrate v.玷辱，褻瀆
de(down)+secr(holy)+ate(v.)->把神聖丟在而地上->玷辱，褻瀆


defile v. 污損﹐污染﹐褻瀆
de(down)+file(tread踐踏)->褻瀆
字源
c. 1400, "to desecrate, profane;" mid-15c., "to make foul or dirty," alteration of earlier defoulen, from Old French defouler "trample down, violate," also "ill-treat, dishonor," from de- "down" (see de-) + foler "to tread," from Latin fullo "person who cleans and thickens cloth by stamping on it" (see foil (v.)).

The alteration (or re-formation) in English is from influence of Middle English filen (v.) "to render foul; make unclean or impure," literal and figurative, from Old English fylen (trans.), related to Old English fulian (intrans.) "to become foul, rot," from the source of foul (adj.). Compare befoul, which also had a parallel form befilen. Related: Defiled; defiling.

These disgusting videos defile and corrupt the minds of the young . 這些令人噁心的錄影帶污染並腐蝕了年輕人的思想。
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profane v.褻瀆,玷污
諧音：潑了糞->褻瀆,玷污

sacrilegious adj.褻瀆神聖的

sacrilegious 源出拉丁文形容詞 sacrilegus,由 sacr [神聖],leg [收集] 兩個字根組成,
原指 [偷竊教堂中的聖器], 進而引申為 [褻瀆神明的].

[fmdr4428]

為了看懂這句話「In any case, Kenya’s government could not afford to move so vast a throng of people. Nor would it(Kenya’s government) enjoy the opprobrium if it defied international law by evicting refugees. Economist May 7, 2015」，我去找了Economist的原文來讀(見下)，如果你想增加閱讀能力，不妨耐著性子(例如，忍受各種看不懂：文字的、文意的、背景的---看不懂)，看完整篇文章。在最後面，我附上了一篇中文的相關報導，應該可以解答你90%的困惑。

Kenya and its Somalis

Scapegoats

Closing a huge Somali refugee camp in Kenya would not reduce terrorism
May 9th 2015

BEFORE the refugees came, Dadaab was a forgettable little way-station in north-eastern Kenya on a dusty road to Somalia. More than two decades later the original town is dwarfed by five sprawling camps spread across flat, dry land that together house at least 350,000 people. It is Kenya’s fourth-largest population centre and the world’s biggest refugee settlement. As Kenya’s government struggles to deal with Islamist terrorism, it is blaming Somali refugees and wants Dadaab gone.

The Shabab (索馬利亞青年黨), a group that is linked to al-Qaeda, are based in Somalia but operate with growing frequency in Kenya. They boasted that they had perpetrated a massacre in early April, when four gunmen killed 148 people, mostly students, at a university in Garissa, a town 80 km (50 miles) south-west of Dadaab. The Shabab also carried out an attack in 2013 on the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, killing at least 67 people.
Kenya’s response to the latest attack was to threaten to close the camp and to outlaw 85 remittance companies, civil-society groups and businesses, all accused of funding terrorism. “The refugee camps are full of Shabab,” says Albert Kimathi, a local official in Dadaab town. “This is the breeding ground for what goes on in Garissa, Nairobi and Mombasa,” he says, citing Kenya’s port, where Muslim dissent has grown.

After Westgate, Kenya’s government proclaimed a “voluntary repatriation” scheme that took over a year to get going and was largely ignored; barely 2,000 Somalis have taken up the offer to return. In the wake of the horror in Garissa, William Ruto, Kenya’s deputy president, said the UN refugee agency that oversees Dadaab should close the camp within 90 days; otherwise, he promised darkly, “we shall relocate them ourselves.”

In Dadaab the refugees expressed panic and defiance. Many have lived there for a quarter of a century and are afraid to go back to their country, which is still rent by violence. “Let them come!” says Kadijo Ali, a slim, feisty woman who came to Dadaab as a baby and now has her own six-month-old daughter strapped to her back. “I’m not going anywhere, even if they kill me.” Residents deny that the camps are riddled with jihadists. “There are no Shabab here,” says Mohamed Yusuf, a 44-year-old teacher and clan elder. “I’ve lived in Dadaab for 25 years and have never seen a training ground or met a Shabab. If they came, we would report them to the police.”

In any case, Kenya’s government could not afford to move so vast a throng of people. Nor would it enjoy the opprobrium if it defied international law by evicting refugees. Kenya’s foreign minister, Amina Mohamed, herself an ethnic Somali, admitted as much when she set up a “tripartite commission” with representatives of Kenya, Somalia and the UN refugee agency to plan Dadaab’s future. When John Kerry, the American secretary of state, visited Kenya on May 4th he acknowledged that hosting so many refugees for so long was “an enormous challenge”. He promised the UN refugee agency $45m towards its Kenya operations, adding that he was “confident that Dadaab will remain open”. Two days later Kenya’s president, Uhuru Kenyatta, softened the government’s stance, saying that Kenya “has been, and will continue, fulfilling its international obligations.”

The evidence suggests instead that terrorism in Kenya is increasingly home-grown. All four Garissa gunmen were probably Kenyan. Others arrested and tried for Shabab attacks in Kenya in the past have been Kenyan, too. Some were converts to Islam. Not one was a refugee.

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歷史
1991年起，索馬利亞內戰使得該國處於無政府狀態。2004年，索馬利亞青年黨正式建立。由於索馬利亞青年黨能夠給當地人提供安全和生活保障，使得索馬利亞中南部當地人紛紛效忠於該組織。2006年6月6日，「伊斯蘭法院聯盟」成立，以武力征伐試圖把索馬利亞變成政教合一國家。

al-Shabaab，意思是青年黨（"The Youth", "The Youngsters" 或 "The Boys"）是盤據在東非國家索馬利亞的一個伊斯蘭原教旨主義恐怖組織，它支持恐怖主義頭目賓•拉登和基地組織，並不斷在索馬利亞和索馬利亞邊境國家，如肯亞、利比亞、烏干達等地製造恐怖主義事件，屠殺平民，意圖推翻非洲聯盟和索馬利亞政府，該組織目前主要控制了索馬利亞的中南部土地。索馬利亞青年黨、伊斯蘭馬格里布基地組織和奈及利亞「博科聖地」是已經形成了勢力龐大的恐怖主義組織。
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世界上最大難民營的掙扎和機遇 編譯：陳霈媛 2015-05-15

肯亞政府迫不及待想要關閉的達達布難民營是世界上最大的難民營，這裡的人們饑不果腹，卻懷揣著夢想，相信這裡不乏機遇。

難民的生活流離失所，顛沛轉徙，著實不易。但是對於索馬里難民來講，幾年甚至幾十年以來，達達布難民營都像自己的家園一樣，這裡不乏機遇。

47歲的索馬里難民Bilal在5年前來到達達布難民營，他認為這裡的教育條件遠遠好過他的故鄉阿夫戈耶村——索馬里首都摩加迪休西北部的一座市鎮。

據法新社報導，在索馬里，伊斯蘭宗教學校經常是接受教育唯一的途徑。但是達達布難民營提供的遠不止這一個選擇。孩子們還可以接受免費的小學甚至中學教育，大學還會提供獎學金機會。

“在達達布孩子們有權利享受更好的教育，”Bilal說，“當他們返回故鄉時，會給索馬里帶來積極的改變。”但這些孩子什麼時候會返回故鄉還尚無定論。

肯亞政府從1991年起開始收容索馬里難民，當時內戰的炮火將索馬里轟炸的支離破碎。達達布難民營就是當年設立的，它位於肯亞東北部，距離與索馬里接壤邊境約100公里，是目前為止全球最大的難民營，肯亞境內大部分索馬里難民都生活在這裡。據《衛報》報導，達達布難民營最高曾收容50萬索馬里難民。目前該難民營容納超過35萬難民。

英國廣播公司報導稱，4月初，在索馬里極端組織“青年黨”襲擊了肯亞靠近索馬里邊境的加里薩大學後，肯亞政府向聯合國提出：要求3個月內關閉位於同一地區的達達布難民營，以防極端組織以難民營為掩護，招收和培訓恐怖分子，謀劃恐怖襲擊。

負責這一地區安全的肯亞政府官員Albert Kimathi 稱達達布難民營是“青年党的溫床和培養基地”。“他們以難民營為掩護，”Kimathi說，“我並沒有指責誰是恐怖分子，但是很大一部分恐怖分子來自索馬里。這兩者基本可以等同而論。”

但是生活在達達布的難民認為這種看法不可理喻。一位叫做Yakub Abdi的難民因為父親被“青年黨”指控為間諜而痛失雙親，在2011年離開了索馬里南部城市基斯馬尤。Abdi現年29歲，是兩個孩子的父親。他因為痛恨同時又害怕激進分子，自願擔任達達布某難民營監察隊的主席。

“他們沒有在這裡招收恐怖分子，”Abdi說，“‘青年党’沒有藏匿在這裡。”但是他表示再向東80公里有一大片未設防的邊界，暗示其實極端分子離達達布並不遠。

之前肯亞副總統William Ruto稱，肯亞將效仿美國在“9•11”恐怖襲擊事件後做出的回應。Ruto還稱，如果聯合國沒能在3個月內關閉難民營，“我們會親自遷走難民。”

聯合國難民署認為肯亞當局對關閉難民營的想法應予以進一步考量，並表明，驅逐索馬里難民的舉措會產生“極其嚴重的人道主義實際後果”。

除聯合國外，國際特赦組織、無國界醫生等其他人道主義組織也一同敦促肯亞政府，停止關閉難民營的計畫，並稱，該舉措將威脅35萬難民的生命安全，有違國際法。

達達布的難民生活在臨時居所，獲得的食品供應只能勉強果腹。除此之外，達達布其實並不是一個悲慘絕望的地方。

28歲的Liban Mohamed曾是電影製作人，來自基斯馬尤。他說，這裡雖然問題重重，但也存在希望和夢想。他的夢想是去美國和母親以及其他兄弟姐妹團聚並定居，然後可以繼續製作電影。

其他人的夢想可能會更近一些，也更容易實現。

Mohamed Osman 曾經是一位訓練有素的醫務工作者。他過去開了家私人診所，提供免費問診，價格實惠的藥物，並接受病人住院治療。但在1992年出於安全考慮，同時也希望過上好日子，他離開了索馬里。現在的他家庭興旺，事業有成。

還有很多人在這裡做著小生意。據法新社報導，肯亞難民事務部2010年的一份研究曾表明，達達布的經濟呈上升勢頭，商販的盈利為經濟增長做出貢獻，創造了約1.6億人民幣的經濟價值。並為其附近非難民區帶來約8700萬人民幣的經濟價值。

（編譯：陳霈媛）

[fmdr4428]

七情是中國古代區分感情的一種分類，主要有三種說法：
• 佛教：喜 怒 憂 懼 愛 憎 欲
• 儒家(三字經)：喜 怒 哀 懼 愛 惡 欲 [1]
• 中醫：喜 怒 憂 思 悲 恐 驚
《三字經》曰：「曰喜怒，曰哀懼。愛惡欲，七情俱。」

GRE考試中有關七情的單字

首先我們來表示喜(高興)，

jubilation [͵dʒub!ˋeʃən] DJ [͵dʒu:bilˋeiʃən] 歡欣﹐愉快
shouts of jubilation from the crowd 人羣發出的歡呼聲

jubilant ['dʒubələnt]
adj. showing great happiness, esp because of a success
喜氣洋洋的；歡欣鼓舞的
jubilant是GRE級別的happy: feeling or expressing great joy, extremely happy，中文可以譯成歡欣鼓舞的、極其高興的。
【例句】
Liverpool were in a jubilant mood after their cup victory.
利物浦隊奪得優勝杯後喜氣洋洋。
【近義詞】：exulting, exultant, glorying, prideful, rejoicing, triumphant
【字源】< jubil-：joy 欣喜 > → 歡欣鼓舞的。

[相關字]joyfulness | joviality | jocundity | riancy | happiness | pleasance | delight | felicity | frisk | delighted | delectation | gaiety | jamboree | jollity | delightfulness /merry
==================================================================
livid [ˋlɪvɪd]
adj. 非常憤怒的,怒火中燒的：
【近義詞】：angered, apoplectic, furious, inflamed, angry, mad, outraged, riled.
livid 有個形近詞，叫vivid，一個字母之差，意思卻相距千里。vivid表示逼真的、生動的。
【例句】
Dad will be livid when he finds out.
爸爸發現了會氣瘋的。

=====================================================================
lament [ləˋmɛnt ]
n. a feeling or an expression of grief; a lamentation 悲痛；哀悼
v. to feel or express great sadness or disappointment about sb/sth 哀悼；痛惜
動詞lament表示「感到悲痛」也可以表示「哀悼和哀嘆」，加ing後作形容詞，表示悲傷的、難過的，也就是GRE級別的sad。
【例句】
He deeply lamented the death of his wife.
他對妻子的去世深感悲痛。
【近義詞】：sad, weeping, sorrowful, lachrymose, mournful, tearful, melancholy
【字源】< la-：tear 眼淚 > → 感到悲痛。
【衍生】lacrimatory（adj.催淚的）。
【聯想】
1. 重組：mental（adj. 心理的）→ 心裡流淚。
2. 諧音：“淚面”→ 因為「感到悲痛」，所以淚流滿面。
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apprehension [͵æprɪˋhɛnʃən] DJ [͵æpriˋhenʃən] n. 憂慮(=misgiving)； 理解；逮捕
【字源】ap朝向，prehend抓住→抓住不放→理解；憂慮；逮捕(串記：理解你為什麼憂慮被逮捕。必記這三個字義)
註：
exploit有三義必記：利用v.、剝削v.、功績n.(串記：利用、剝削公雞)；
appeal有四義必記：上訴、訴諸、懇求、吸引

【例句】
a natural apprehension about being in hospital 對住院自然會有的憂慮
We felt no little apprehension over the result . 我們對結果甚為憂慮。

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detest [dɪˋtɛst] DJ [diˋtest] 厭惡，憎惡(憎恨厭惡)，[W][+v-ing]

We detest his constantly lying . 我們討厭他一再說謊。

【近義詞】：hate, dislike, loathe, abhor

【字源】detest (v.) Look up detest at Dictionary.com
early 15c., "to curse, to call God to witness and abhor," from Middle French détester, from Latin detestari "to curse, execrate, abominate, express abhorrence for," literally "denounce with one's testimony," from de- "from, down" (see de-) + testari "be a witness," from testis "witness" (see testament). Related: Detested; detesting.

說明
detest原意為詛咒的意思。但這種詛咒很特別，是在你curse詛咒的時候，還請求神下來見證、祈求神力實現你的詛咒。
de-, down + test-, witness見證(to curse while calling a deity to witness,)

但detest為什麼後來會從「詛咒」轉變成「憎惡」的意思呢？這需要一番理解。

要描述一個人的憎恨有各種方式，你可以畫他憎恨厭惡的神情，也可以把他對某事某物的恨意一一躍然紙上，也可幫他紮個紙人用飛刀丟---方法不一而足，可是重點都在「他」的身上，而detest這個英文的憎恨，重點卻不在「他」身上，而是在「祂」身上，這是為什麼呢？

何謂curse---A profane word or phrase; a swearword(例如：你會不得好死、生兒子沒屁眼----)

Detest這種詛咒則比curse更過頭，curse只是含有恨意的難聽話 ，detest則是希望curse能加上神力(在curse的時候要求神下來見證、保佑實現詛咒)讓詛咒實現。detest是一種被渴望立即實現的詛咒念頭，我們可以從詛咒中看出下詛咒的人，心裏有多急多憎惡，例如：神明在上！這個混蛋騙了我1000億元，請讓他不得好死、出門被車撞、生兒子沒屁眼------。

由此可知：
1.會下detest這種詛咒的人，心中必有憎惡，兩者一外一內，一線之隔，看到了詛咒就看到憎惡：亦即，detest的字義會由原先的「curse」轉變成今日的「憎惡」是必然的 、 可理解的。
2.重點在「祂」身上，一樣可以清楚地描述何謂「憎恨detest(=dislike intensely)」。

哪一種人會詛咒他人呢？就是那種恨到極點，又無力反抗的人，只能在心中祈求上蒼幫忙，例如：老天爺啊！他斷人雙手，強姦人妻，殺人父親，又奪人家產，請讓他不得好死，永世不得超生-----。

高中讀臺北的明星學校，高三國文老師是東北人，雖已快60歲，但氣質優雅，看得出年輕時是個美人胚子，說得一口京片子，講到日本人侵略東北，讓她家破人亡、流離失所，最後國共內戰讓她一個女學生，顛沛流離歷經苦難來到臺灣，她好恨好恨，好幾次在課堂上跟我們說，她恨日本人，這個仇一定要報，但願日本人不得好死(有一次她甚至說要讓日本人亡國)。我的老師的這種對日本人的憎恨厭惡，就叫detest。
=========================================================================
awe [ɔ ]
v. to fill sb with awe 使某人敬畏或驚懼
【字源】擬聲字：驚嚇時張嘴發出的聲音。
【例句】
They were awed into silence by the sternness of her voice.
她嚴厲的聲音把他們嚇得鴉雀無聲了。
She seemed awed by the presence of so many famous people. 見到這麼多名人出席，似乎令她驚歎不已。

另外，有些字，像"petrified"，也很傳神，朗文字典這樣解釋：
"extremely frightened, especially so frightened that you cannot move or think"
受到極度驚嚇，尤其過度害怕，以致無法動彈或思考

petr(o)是字根，表示石頭的意思，petrify [petri石，-fy使…化] 使石化，petrified就是「受到極度驚嚇，
尤其過度害怕，變成像石頭一樣，全身僵硬，以致無法動彈或思考」。
用法是："petrified with fright/fear"　(因駭怕或驚嚇而動彈不得)
【例句】
They were petrified with the shock. 他們飽受驚嚇

[衍生字]
petroleum [petr石，ol(e)沒，-um名詞字尾] 石油
petrolic [petr石，ol(e)油，-ic…的] 石油的
petroliferous [petr石，-ol(e)油，-i-，fer具有，-ous…的] 含石油的，產石油的
petrolize [petrol石油，-ize動詞字尾] 用石油處理
petrification [petri石，-fication名詞字尾，化] 石化作用
petrochemistry [petro石→石油chemistry化學] 石油化學
petrous [petr石，-ous…的] 岩石(似)的，硬的

【近義詞】：amazed，impressed，astonished，astounded

=========================================================================
ambivalent [æmˋbɪvələnt]
adj. having or showing mixed feelings about a certain object, person or situation 有矛盾情感的
【例句】
The young couple felt ambivalent about getting married.
那對年輕情侶對於結婚這件事感到矛盾。
【字源】< ambi- = bi-：two 二 > + < -valent：value 價值觀 > → 有兩種價值觀 → 矛盾的。
來自大家都很熟悉的ambivalence。名詞ambivalence表示舉棋不定，ambivalent就表示一個人舉棋不定、猶豫不決的狀態，即undecided(天秤座的人常有此特質)。

備考GRE的你，以後可不能把I'm happy./I'm sad.
這樣的句子掛嘴邊了。

[fmdr4428]

最新六月的GRE真經單字：flummoxed

選選看，誰是它的同義詞？
[A] sanguine
[B] inconsistent
[C] prodigious
[D] heartened
[E] confounded
[F] ephemeral


說明
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
字源----uncertain origin，以下有說跟沒說一樣
flummox (v.)
1837, cant word, also flummux, of uncertain origin, probably risen out of a British dialect (OED finds candidate words in Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, southern Cheshire, and Sheffield). "The formation seems to be onomatopœic, expressive of the notion of throwing down roughly and untidily" [OED]. Related: Flummoxed; flummoxing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
flummox(或作flummux) [ˋflʌməks] DJ [ˋflʌməks] 使困惑
諧音記法：唬了馬克斯(人名)->(於是馬克斯)困惑、不知所措

flummoxed [ˋflʌməkst] DJ [ˋflʌməkst] ：completely confused by something 困惑的， 弄得不知所措的

例句
1.I was totally flummoxed by his last question . 我被他最後一個問題弄得暈頭轉向。

2.Does the word flummox bewilder, confound, dumbfound and generally mystify you? Well, fear no more, because flummox means all of these things!

3.Highly pathogenic avian influenza has never spread like this before in the United States, and it’s flummoxed the U.S.
Time May 24, 2015
在美國，高致病性禽流感在之前從來沒有像這樣蔓延散佈，它已經困擾美國(讓美國政府不知所措)。

[A]樂觀的
[B]不一致的
[C] 巨大的﹐龐大的﹐(大得)驚人的
[D]振奮的
[E]混淆的
[F]短暫的

Ans. E

[fmdr4428]

至於上面C選項的prodigious，它則是一個GRE機經的難字，它出現在以下的等價真題內，請大家先想想下面這題等價題，稍後我們再來解說。

New research by Tim Tinker, a biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Santa Cruz, California, shows that consuming 25 to 35 percent of their body weight each day, sea otters are not only ________ but highly specialized eaters, organizing themselves into groups that zero in on different prey.

[A] prodigious
[B] undiscriminating
[C] fastidious
[D] picky
[E] voracious
[F] omnivorous

fmdr4428解說

做gre等價題，首先要看6個選項中有幾組同義字，通常都會有兩組(只給一組的話，太便宜參加考試者)，
一組明顯，一組比較不明顯。

本題明顯的同義字組是[C] fastidious/[D] picky (挑剔的)，那有不明顯的同義字組嗎？有！
[A] prodigious巨大的﹐大得驚人的 /[E] voracious 食量大的;貪吃的
(兩個字都有大的意思，用在形容eater時，恰好同義)

下個問題是：哪組同義字比較合適？
本題sea otters每天要消耗25 to 35 percent 的體重(來維生)，這就強烈暗示sea otters的食量是很大的，所以選[A] prodigious /[E] voracious，很好！答案就是它們。

但是選[C] fastidious/[D] picky (挑剔的)可以嗎？
本考題文章出自
Otters: The Picky Eaters of the Pacific
Could the California sea otters' peculiar dietary habits be impeding their resurgence?
(http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-n ... 86/?no-ist)

注意文章標題The Picky Eaters of the Pacific中的「Picky Eaters 」，很明顯的選[C] fastidious/[D] picky應該也是可以，問題是這是我們在網路上找到的題目出處，在考題裏可是半個跟 Picky Eaters 有關的文字都沒有，把[C] fastidious/[D] picky代入句子中，除了文意說的過去，並沒像[A] prodigious /[E] voracious有「consuming 25 to 35 percent of their body weight each day」之類的文句支持，所以最佳答案還是選AE。

另外，有人可能會選omnivorous+voracious，因為後面有highly specialized eaters，所以不能選omnivorous(無所不吃的)，這時要有新的考慮，那就是prodigious。

翻譯
Tim Tinker 是在加州Santa Cruz作地理調查的生物學家，他的一項新研究表明，海獺每天消耗自身體重的25%~35%來進行正常的新陳代謝，是一個食量大又高度特化的(指otter只吃特種的東西)食客，牠們分成好幾群，每一群都只專注在不同的獵物上。

字詞解釋
1.otter[ˋɑtɚ] DJ [ˋɔtə] 【動】獺，水獺[C]
我是用押韻法記下otter的，請牢記以下的字串(有畫面。為了順念起來順口，暫不考慮時式)：
otter-totter(搖搖晃晃﹐跌跌撞撞)-in the gutter(排水溝)=>水獺在排水溝搖搖晃晃的走

2.voracious: adj.having or marked by an insatiable appetite for an activity or pursuit 食量大的;貪吃的；求知慾極強的
[例]a voracious reader 求知慾極強的讀者
a voracious reader who locked himself up in the study 一個把自己鎖在書房裡如飢似渴讀書的人

慣用語 a voracious appetite大胃口
Kids can have voracious appetites . 小孩子會有大胃口。
The young man has a voracious appetite for science fiction.這個年輕人對科幻小說的胃口極大。

比較：
voracious: 貪量大的，狼吞虎嚥的，貪婪的; //vor-=eat(可以用devour記-vor=eat)
veracious: 誠實的; 真實的 //ver-=true(記法：把true的u看成v，後3字母變成rve，重排得到ver->在true裏有個ver-)
(吃要用口，o長得像口，所以voracious是貪量大的)

補充：
字根 vor, vour=吞食swallow

devour de ( down 下 ) + vor->吞下->(vt.)吞食,揮霍,吞沒
omnivorous omni ( 全 ) + vor-> (a.)無所不吃的,雜食的,隨手亂拿的 omnivore 不偏食的人
herbivore herb草+i(連接字母，方便發音)+vore->草食動物
herbivorous (a.)食草的
voracious vor吃+acious多-> (a.)食量大的，狼吞虎咽的，貪婪的
voracity 貪食,貪婪

3.Zero in on sb/sth: 集中於，專注於，對準to fix all your attention on the person or thing mentioned
[例]
Let ' s zero in on physics tonight . 我們今晚把注意力集中在物理上吧！
The Senate zeroed in on the Latin - American problems . 參議院集中注意力於拉丁美洲的問題。

The man in the audience waited for the right time to zero in on the speaker with the embarrassing question . 聽眾中的那個人在等待合適的時候, 突然向演說者提出令他為難的問題。

Critics have zeroed in on his plan to raise gasoline taxes 10 cents a gallon.批評者將矛頭對準他打算將汽油稅每加侖提高10美分的計畫上。

4.prodigious [prəˋdɪdʒəs] DJ [prəˋdidʒəs] 這個字很多人都覺得難背，不過如果你知道字首pro-常常和「很多的」意思聯結在一起，記憶這個單字瞬間就變簡單了

參考
procrastinate 拖延(pro+crastin明天+ate→有許多明天->明日復明日→拖延)
procreate [ˋprokrɪ͵et] DJ [ˋprəukrieit] 生育(pro+create創造→創造很多→生兒育女)
prodigious (數量等)巨大的(pro+dig→有很多可挖→大量的)
profligate 浪費的,揮霍的(pro+flig打出+ate→把錢打很多出去→揮霍)
proliferate 繁殖,增殖(pro+life帶來+rate→帶來很多生命→繁殖)
profit 利潤,收益(pro+fit做→做很多→做得好→利潤)
profuse 大量的,豐富的(pro+fuse流→流很多→大量的)
prolific 多產的,多育的(pro+lif(e)帶來+ic→帶來生命→多產的)

說明：pro-作為字首，在字典中並沒有「很多的」意思，但是我們觀察到把pro-當作「很多的」來看，發現對背許多難字很好用。這就好像我們記住「repr+母音」=責罵，可以讓我們背下reprehend, reprimand, reprove, reproach, reprobate這幾個gre難字一樣好用。

prodigious第二個記法：
The root PRO- means 'in favor of'.The root DIGI- (e.g., digit) refers to numbers or quantity. So, PRODIGIOUS refers to a favorable (or great) number.


註：Pro-作為字首的常見意思
1.表示“向前，在前”
progress 進步（pro+gress走→向前走）
project 投射出;工程項目(pro+ject+扔+扔向前面→投射;引申為工程項目)
prologue 前言,序言(pro+logue說→在前面說→前言)
promote 促進;提升(pro+mote動→向前動→促進)
protrude 向前突出(pro+trude突出→向前突出)
propel 推進(pro+pel推→向前推)
proficient 精通的;熟練的(pro+fici做+ent→做在[別人] 前面→精通)
profile 側面像;輪廓(pro+file紗線→前面的線條)
profess 公開表明,坦白(pro+fess說→在前面說坦白)
proclivity 傾向性,癖性(pro+cliv傾斜+ity→向前傾斜)
procure (費心)取得,獲得(pro+cure關心→關心在前→[想要]獲得)
prominent 顯著的,傑出的(pro+min伸+ent→向前伸出→傑出的)
prosecute 檢舉;指控(pro+secu追隨+ate→追隨到[法院]前面→檢舉;指控)
prospect 景象,前景(pro+spect看→向前看→前景)
provident 顧及未來的,有遠見的(pro+vid看+ent→向前看的→有遠見的)
provoke 激怒,刺激(pro+voke喊→在[你]前面喊→激怒[你])


2.表示in favour of; supporting ( “贊同 ，親…”)
pro-American 親美的
proslavery 贊成奴隸制的(pro+slavery奴隸制)
proabortionist 贊成墮胎者的(pro+abortion墮胎+ist)

3.表示“代表”
proconsul（歐洲殖民帝國之）殖民地總督
pronoun代名詞

~to be continued~

[fmdr4428]

由於原文照片裏的otter太漂亮太吸引人了，我興味盎然的把整篇文章看完。
要看完這種文章並不容易，因為裏面除了一堆gre單字，還一堆生物學上的用語，即便是生物系的老師來讀，了解內容大概沒問題(生態學方面的內容他早已清楚)，但是要他立即很精準地傳達文義還是很困難的(gre單字太多)。但是難雖難，閱讀之事，不進則退，建議大家可以選幾段來閱讀，閱讀完之後，可以像我一樣存檔起來，有空的時候溫習一下，既可避免對英文生疏，也可當作英文寫作的資料庫。

本文章太長，恕我我無法為大家一一註解，暫時先將文章貼在下頭，並將標題翻譯如下，等有空再擇要說明。

Otters: The Picky Eaters of the Pacific
Could the California sea otters' peculiar dietary habits be impeding their resurgence?

翻譯：
太平洋的挑剔食者
加州海瀨的特殊飲食習慣(挑食)會阻礙牠們族群數目的增加嗎？

image: http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com/ ... 5_crop.jpg
Sea otter feasting on crab
Every day California sea otters spend 10 to 12 hours hunting and consume nearly a third of their body weight. (Suzi Eszterhas)

By Jess Righthand SEPTEMBER 2011

Scientists have long designated the california sea otter a “keystone predator,” meaning what the animal eats has a large impact on its environment. The otters devour extraordinary amounts of sea urchins that otherwise would gobble up the kelp that grows in profusion off the state’s central coast, and kelp forests, in turn, are home to rockfish, perch and many other fish, as well as invertebrates galore, including crabs, barnacles and worms.

New research by Tim Tinker, a biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Santa Cruz, California, shows that sea otters are not only voracious but highly specialized eaters, organizing themselves into groups that zero in on different prey. The findings may help scientists better understand why the sea otter comeback, never a resounding success, now appears to be sputtering.

Unlike most marine mammals, otters have no blubber to insulate them, so they must consume 25 percent to 35 percent of their body weight each day to fuel their metabolism and maintain a healthy internal temperature in the chilly Pacific. Not surprisingly, otters spend most of their days diving for food and eating. What is surprising (to those who think of tool use as a primate skill, or at least a terrestrial one) is that otters use rocks they hide in an underarm pouch to pry open shells.


Hunted for their fur, California sea otters (a.k.a. southern sea otters, distinct from the northern Pacific subspecies found from Washington to Alaska) were nearly wiped out by the turn of the 20th century. An international treaty banned otter and fur seal hunting in 1911. Californians believed that otters had disappeared from the coast until in 1938 a Big Sur rancher sighted a group of only about 50 animals.

Since then, the California otter population has grown slowly, reaching some 2,700 in 2010. Researchers are concerned the rebound has lagged behind that of northern otters, which number in the tens of thousands off Washington, British Columbia and Alaska.

Tinker says the California otter’s failure to mount a strong comeback may be tied to pathogens and pollutants in coastal waters. By capturing otters and outfitting them with depth recorders and radio transmitters, Tinker and his co-workers have found they form what he calls “dietary guilds.” Deep-diving otters eat mostly abalone, urchins and Dungeness crabs. Otters diving to medium depths—say, up to 40 feet—forage for clams, worms and smaller shellfish. Still others—the junk food eaters—stay in shallow waters, filling their pouches with black snails. Mothers pass these preferences on to their pups, inducting them into their respective guilds.

Moreover, animals eating mostly snails in the more developed Monterey Bay were more likely than others to contract the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Researchers don’t know how otters encounter the parasite, but it’s found in cat feces, and they speculate it could wind up in the ocean when cat litter is flushed down the toilet or when rain washes feral or domestic cat waste into storm drains and the bay. In contrast, otters that consumed mostly clams and worms were more likely to be infected with Sarcocystis neurona; the source of this parasite in the otters’ environment is also not known, but it’s found in opossum feces and could possibly be washed into the bay by rainwater. Otters may have little natural immunity to these terrestrial pathogens, which can kill them outright or impair their ability to swim, possibly leaving them more vulnerable to sharks.

“We absolutely think those parasites are getting into the ocean in much greater numbers due to the way we modify the landscape,” says Tinker. “All the bacteria and viruses that we’re producing within a couple miles of the oceans are being washed directly into that near-shore area, and we think sea otters are bearing the brunt of that.”

In that sense, the California sea otter is not just a keystone of the marine environment but also an indicator. If otters are healthy, the ocean probably is, too. When the otter population is struggling, the near-shore waters they inhabit may be in trouble. “In terms of sea otters, you are what you eat,” says David Jessup, a veterinarian at the Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center in Santa Cruz. “At least here in California.”

[fmdr4428]

GRE高分每日溫習【分類詞彙複習】
✿居住，裝修
jamb(n.門窗側柱)
parquet [pɑrˋke] DJ [ˋpɑ:kei] (n.鑲木地板)
parquetry (n.鑲木地板藝術或圖案)

pedestal[ˋpɛdɪst!] DJ [ˋpedistl] n.底座.基座﹐台座﹐柱腳
a Grecian bust on a pedestal 放在基座上的古希臘半身人像
慣用語 put/place sb on a pedestal -to admire someone so much that you treat them or talk about them as though they are perfect 非常敬慕某人﹐把某人當作偶像崇拜
She put him on a pedestal : she would have died for him . 她崇拜他：她寧願為他而死。
You shouldn ' t put him on a pedestal - he doesn ' t deserve it . 你不應把他當作偶像崇拜 — 他不值得你那樣做。

plinth(n.柱腳，底座)
sill(n.基石，門檻，窗臺)
==========================

如何記住這些字？
有個好方法：
1.先上google查這些字指的部位是哪裏
2.再把這些字寫在紙張上，分別貼在對應的部位
例如，把sill貼在門檻，把jamb貼在門窗側柱，把parquet貼在木地板上-----，

然後，每經過這幾個地方就念其上的英文與中文一下，經過幾次就念幾次---，

不出一個禮拜，保證你爛熟於心！
不妨試試看！