[問題]GWD12-Q24~27

[bugubugu]

Years before the advent of plate
tectonics―the widely accepted theory,
developed in the mid-1960’s, the holds
Line that the major features of Earth’s surface
(5) are created by the horizontal motions
of Earth’s outer shell, or lithosphere―
a similar theory was rejected by the
geological community. In 1912, Alfred
Wegener proposed, in a widely debated
(10) theory that came to be called continental
drift, that Earth’s continents were mobile.
To most geologists today, Wegener’s
The origin of Continents and Oceans
appears an impressive and prescient
(15) document, containing several of the
essential presumptions underlying plate
tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility
of pieces of Earth’s crust; the essential
difference between oceanic and conti-
(20) nental crust; and a causal connection
between horizontal displacements and
the formation of mountain chains. Yet
despite the considerable overlap
between Wegener’s concepts and the
(25) later widely embraced plate tectonics
theory, and despite the fact that conti-
nental drift theory presented a possible
solution to the problem of the origin of
mountains at a time when existing expla-
(30) nations were seriously in doubt, in its
day Wegener’s theory was rejected
by the vast majority of geologists.
Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis. Stephen
Jay Gould, for example, argues that
continental drift theory was rejected
because it did not explain how continents
(40) could move through an apparently solid
oceanic floor. However, as Anthony
Hallam has pointed out, many scientific
phenomena, such as the ice ages, have
been accepted before they could be fully
(45) explained. The most likely cause for the
rejection of continental drift―a cause
that has been largely ignored because
we consider Wegener’s theory to have
been validated by the theory of plate
(50) tectonics―is the nature of the evidence
that was put forward to support it. Most
of Wegener’s evidence consisted of
homologies—similarities of patterns and
forms based on direct observations of
(55) rocks in the field, supported by the use
of hammers, hand lenses, and field note-
books. In contrast, the data supporting
plate tectonics were impressively
geophysical—instrumental determinations
(60) of the physical properties of Earth gar-
nered through the use of seismographs,
magnetometers, and computers.



Q25:
The author of the passage refers to the “considerable overlap” (line 23) between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory most probably in order to

A. suggest that plate tectonics theory is derived from Wegener’s work
B. introduce a discussion comparing the elements of the two theories
C. examine the question of whether continental drift theory was innovative in its time
D. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists
E. cite an explanation that has been frequently offered for Wegener’s high standing among geologists today

這題答案給D
但我選B...
大伙幫我看一看....

[micht]

In 1912, Alfred
Wegener proposed, in a widely debated
(10) theory that came to be called continental
drift, that Earth’s continents were mobile.
To most geologists today, Wegener’s
The origin of Continents and Oceans
appears an impressive and prescient
(15) document, containing several of the
essential presumptions underlying plate
tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility
of pieces of Earth’s crust; the essential
difference between oceanic and conti-
(20) nental crust; and a causal connection
between horizontal displacements and
the formation of mountain chains. Yet
despite the considerable overlap
between Wegener’s concepts and the
(25) later widely embraced plate tectonics
theory, and despite the fact that conti-
nental drift theory presented a possible
solution to the problem of the origin of
mountains at a time when existing expla-
(30) nations were seriously in doubt, in its
day Wegener’s theory was rejected
by the vast majority of geologists.
Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis.

Q25:
The author of the passage refers to the “considerable overlap” (line 23) between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory most probably in order to

前面作者一直在說W's theory很impressive 和現代世人們所認知的plate tectonics theory considerable overlap considerable overlap 共同點非常多

但是, 當時那時候的人反對!! W's theory....

給出 W's theory <=> continental drift theory (極為相似) 來表答
W's theory被人否定掉是非法令人意外的事情~因為它幾乎就是真正的theory!!

可以選
D. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists

B. introduce a discussion comparing [s]the elements of the two theories [/s] 文章中沒有提到第二個theory.... 只說了W's theory 接著舉出當時人們否定 W's theory的原因...所以錯了

我的想法~~

哇 快早上了~~~~趕快滾企睡覺~~

[christine]

Years before the advent of plate tectonics(在板塊理論出現之前)―(―與―之問先跳過不看,跳到―之後的a similar theory)the widely accepted theory, developed in the mid-1960’s, the holds that the major features of Earth’s surface are created by the horizontal motions of Earth’s outer shell, or lithosphere(―與―之問在補充說明plate tectonics)―a similar theory was rejected by the geological community.(有一個類似的理論被reject)
<文章的1~7行,雖然提出了兩個理論,一個是板塊理論,另一個和板塊理論類似,但被rejcet的理論. 文章一開始有兩個理論提出,文章之後的發展可能會是兩個理論的比較或只討論其中一個,但是從板塊理論是用補充說明的方式來敘述可以看出來,文章接下來的重點很可能是要討論這個被reject的理論> In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed, in a widely debated theory that came to be called continental drift, that Earth’s continents were mobile. (在1912年由AW這個人提出具有爭議的這個理論.年代符合前面所說的在板塊理論出現(mid-1960’)之前就提出了這個理論)To most geologists today, Wegener’s The origin of Continents and Oceans appears an impressive and prescient document(對許多地質學家而言AW的理論是令人印象深刻且有先見的), containing several of the essential presumptions underlying plate tectonics theory(AW的理論包含板塊理論不可或缺的推測): the horizontal mobility of pieces of Earth’s crust; the essential difference between oceanic and continental crust; and a causal connection between horizontal displacements and the formation of mountain chains.(:之後在進一步說明,大概看過即可). (轉折開始出現)Yet despite the considerable overlap between Wegener’s concepts and the later widely embraced plate tectonics theory, and despite the fact that continental drift theory presented a possible solution to the problem of the origin of mountains at a time when existing explanations were seriously in doubt, in its day Wegener’s theory was rejected by the vast majority of geologists. (提出了兩個無論怎樣….AW的理論還是被大部份的地質學家所reject)

第一段看完了，第一段一開始用板塊理論的時間點來說明AW的理論是在板塊理論前就提出來了，而且與板塊理論類似。接下來說明地質學家對這個理論的看法。第一段的最後說明了，即使怎樣……AW的理論還是被reject。因此，第一段的重點只在討論AW的這個理論。

Q25問的正是第一段最後的內容
答案不能選B. introduce a discussion comparing the elements of the two theories,只有D可以選. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists

[davidlee0222]

幫各位加個顏色
第一階段紅藍綠，紫色跳過
抓主辭(紅)、主要動辭(藍)跟主要補語(棕)其他跳過(紫色或無標示)

讀完一句後回頭第二步
看跳過的補述(紫色)在補充誰

Years before the advent of plate tectonics―the widely accepted theory, developed in the mid-1960’s, the holds that the major features of Earth’s surface are created by the horizontal motions of Earth’s outer shell, or lithosphere―a similar theory was rejected by the geological community.
In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed, in a widely debated theory that came to be called continental drift, that Earth’s continents were mobile. To most geologists today, Wegener’s The origin of Continents and Oceans appears an impressive and prescient document, containing several of the essential presumptions underlying plate tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility of pieces of Earth’s crust; the essential difference between oceanic and continental crust; and a causal connection between horizontal displacements and the formation of mountain chains.Yet despite the considerable overlap between Wegener’s concepts and the later widely embraced plate tectonics theory, and despite the fact that continental drift theory presented a possible solution to the problem of the origin of mountains at a time when existing explanations were seriously in doubt, in its day Wegener’s theory was rejected by the vast majority of geologists.

Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis. Stephen
Jay Gould, for example, argues that
continental drift theory was rejected
because it did not explain how continents
(40) could move through an apparently solid
oceanic floor. However, as Anthony
Hallam has pointed out, many scientific
phenomena, such as the ice ages, have
been accepted before they could be fully
(45) explained. The most likely cause for the
rejection of continental drift―a cause
that has been largely ignored because
we consider Wegener’s theory to have
been validated by the theory of plate
(50) tectonics―is the nature of the evidence
that was put forward to support it. Most
of Wegener’s evidence consisted of
homologies—similarities of patterns and
forms based on direct observations of
(55) rocks in the field, supported by the use
of hammers, hand lenses, and field note-
books. In contrast, the data supporting
plate tectonics were impressively
geophysical—instrumental determinations
(60) of the physical properties of Earth gar-
nered through the use of seismographs,
magnetometers, and computers.

[davidlee0222]

第一段粉簡單
幫各位變中文看有哪裡值錢

"板塊理論出現前，一個粉像的理論被地質學者們拒絕"
"AW在某年提出地球板塊會動"
"對今日多數G人來說，AW的T理論相當驚人"
"其中包含'地殼移動'、'海陸差異'和'橫移與山脈因果'"
"然而除了AW論跟P論的重疊、陸移論被懷疑外，"
"當時AW論還是被拒絕滴"

用水上飄看董後根本沒重點
這樣看董文章之後
很明顯倒數第2句作者提到"AW論跟P論重疊"
是為了表示AW的觀念在當時非常前衛
前衛到當時無法被接受
直到現在才被廣為推崇
完全符合D
B無關
且compare是拿2張照片比哪裡"一樣"
跟contrast"比哪裡不一樣"相反

補充一下
30行in its day可考infer
AW已經往生

第二段
"今日大多G學家跟H學家相信AW論被拒是因為缺乏適當物理基礎"
"如S說它無法解釋陸地如何在看起來固定的海層移動"
"然而如AH說的，很多科學現象在可解市前都先被接受"
"最可能成因是證據本身"
"AW的證據大多是H狀的"
"而佐證資料卻是G狀的"

用水上飄可以輕易看出段落功能
第一段講AW觀念前衛以致當時無法被接受，無舉例
第二段講為何被拒是因為證據本身形式不同無法證明，有舉例

在這裡介紹各位一招大衛密技
段落功能需包含"是否舉例"的面向
"理論"跟"例證"分別是描述段落功能的衡量方式
"有理論無例證"跟有理論有例證"是不同的段落功能描述
而"理論有例證"則有"正例支持"或"反例攻詰"
任何時候判斷段落功能
都先用"概念閳述"與有"無正反例切入"
幾乎能搞定所有題目

[agk99]

GWD-12-Q24:
The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

A. provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today
B. criticize the geological community for an apparent lack of consistency in its responses to new theories (criticize必錯)
C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day (錯在undermine)
D. give an example of a modern scientist who believes that Wegener’s theory was rejected because it failed to adequately explain the mechanical basis of continental drift必錯
E. support Gould’s rationale for why Wegener’s theory was rejected by most geologists in the early twentieth century必錯
Answer: 我選A，但答案給C，這題第一次做沒檢討出來，請教各位
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-12-Q25:
The author of the passage refers to the “considerable overlap” (line 23) between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory most probably in order to

A. suggest that plate tectonics theory is derived from Wegener’s work
B. introduce a discussion comparing the elements of the two theories
C. examine the question of whether continental drift theory was innovative in its time
D. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists
E. cite an explanation that has been frequently offered for Wegener’s high standing among geologists today
Answer: 直接選D
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-12-Q26:
The author of the passage suggests that the most likely explanation for the geological community’s response to continental drift theory in its day was that the theory

A. was in conflict with certain aspects of plate tectonics theory
B. failed to account for how mountains were formed
C. did not adequately explain how continents moved through the ocean floor
D. was contradicted by the geophysical data of the time
E. was based on a kind of evidence that was considered insufficiently convincing
Answer: 這題我原本選C，看來解答發現，是講作者的suggest，所以E應該比C更全面
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-12-Q27:
It can be inferred from the passage that geologists today would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Wegener’s The Origin of Continents and Oceans?

A. It was a worthy scientific effort that was ahead of its time.
B. It was based on evidence that was later disproved.
C. It was directly responsible for the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics.
D. It has been disproved by continental drift theory.
E. It misrepresented how horizontal displacements cause the formation of mountain chains.
Answer: A 請直接對照第14行

[kikisky]

嗯????請教大哥
undermine錯在哪???

文章第2段一開始第一句就寫到

Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis.

接下來又說

Stephen
Jay Gould, for example(表承接上一句話的概念), argues that
continental drift theory was rejected
because it did not explain how continents
(40) could move through an apparently solid
oceanic floor.

然後出現轉折語氣詞

However, as Anthony
Hallam has pointed out, many scientific
phenomena, such as the ice ages, have
been accepted before they could be fully
(45) explained.

所以表相反的看法~

既然前面第一句說的是reject
那這一句當然是說reject的相反 = accept 啦
所以選C

這一段文章中並沒有提及.......understood(by geologists today)
所以我不想選A~^ ^

[jfan]

Q25 我和 bugubugu 一樣，都選了B。不選 D 的理由是因為選項 D "provide a reason" 而23行並沒有給reason。可是後來又看了一遍題目後，發現題目是指 in order to，故 D 是合理的選項。B 的強度不如 D。

[SELVICHY]

[quote="agk99"]GWD-12-Q24:
[color=red]The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

A. provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today
B. criticize the geological community for an apparent lack of consistency in its responses to new theories (criticize必錯)
C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day (錯在undermine)
D. give an example of a modern scientist who believes that Wegener’s theory was rejected because it failed to adequately explain the mechanical basis of continental drift必錯
E. support Gould’s rationale for why Wegener’s theory was rejected by most geologists in the early twentieth century必錯[/color]
Answer: 我選A，但答案給C，這題第一次做沒檢討出來，請教各位
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-12-Q25:
The author of the passage refers to the “considerable overlap” (line 23) between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory most probably in order to

A. suggest that plate tectonics theory is derived from Wegener’s work
B. introduce a discussion comparing the elements of the two theories
C. examine the question of whether continental drift theory was innovative in its time
D. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists
E. cite an explanation that has been frequently offered for Wegener’s high standing among geologists today
Answer: 直接選D
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-12-Q26:
The author of the passage suggests that the most likely explanation for the geological community’s response to continental drift theory in its day was that the theory

A. was in conflict with certain aspects of plate tectonics theory
B. failed to account for how mountains were formed
C. did not adequately explain how continents moved through the ocean floor
D. was contradicted by the geophysical data of the time
E. was based on a kind of evidence that was considered insufficiently convincing
Answer: 這題我原本選C，看來解答發現，[color=red]是講作者的suggest[/color]，所以E應該比C更全面
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-12-Q27:
It can be inferred from the passage that geologists today would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Wegener’s The Origin of Continents and Oceans?

A. It was a worthy scientific effort that was ahead of its time.
B. It was based on evidence that was later disproved.
C. It was directly responsible for the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics.
D. It has been disproved by continental drift theory.
E. It misrepresented how horizontal displacements cause the formation of mountain chains.
Answer: A 請直接對照第14行[/quote]
------------------------------------------------
24題
文章中普遍認為不被接受的原因是因為缺乏有利證據,
而ha大哥提到冰河時期理論也沒有充分證據,依樣被大眾接受.
作者引用ha大哥就是要反駁這個"普遍認為".
所以選項C正確.
25題
我覺得每個選項都很爛.
因為選項D已經有作者的態度"SURPRISING"出現了,
可是文章中這段並沒有態度的字彙,
因為不是細節題,所以必須從整篇文章的作者態度去琢磨,
很麻煩.不過D的確是無可避免的最後選擇.

[hcgh]

關於24題，我想翻案，我覺得答案應該是agk老大說的，是A

Q24:
The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

A. provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today
C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day


第二段Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis.
Stephen
Jay Gould, for example, argues that ...

C錯在its day(1912附近)。因為Hallam所處的第二段整段都在說現今地質學家仍反對Wegener’s theory
這裡的Jay Gould也是屬於現今的geologists
所以C用its day，不合理
A用today, 正確

[nexxt0722]

關於24題，我想翻案，我覺得答案應該是agk老大說的，是A

Q24:
The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

A. provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today
C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day


第二段Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis.
Stephen
Jay Gould, for example, argues that ...

C錯在its day(1912附近)。因為Hallam所處的第二段整段都在說現今地質學家仍反對Wegener’s theory
這裡的Jay Gould也是屬於現今的geologists
所以C用its day，不合理
A用today, 正確

Most geologists and many historians today believe -->現在相信

that Wegener's theory was rejected-->過去被反對

所以應該還是C比較合理

[hcgh]

關於24題，我想翻案，我覺得答案應該是agk老大說的，是A

Q24:
The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

A. provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today
C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day


第二段Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35) was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis.
Stephen
Jay Gould, for example, argues that ...

C錯在its day(1912附近)。因為Hallam所處的第二段整段都在說現今地質學家仍反對Wegener’s theory
這裡的Jay Gould也是屬於現今的geologists
所以C用its day，不合理
A用today, 正確

Most geologists and many historians today believe -->現在相信

that Wegener's theory was rejected-->過去被反對

所以應該還是C比較合理

懂了，感謝nexxt0722...

[dibert8]

討論 Q25
錯誤選項 (B) 的設計:前半看起來很順,後半不對文的選項
正確選項 (D) 的設計:前半看起來怪怪,後半卻符合的選項
B. introduce a discussion compring the elements of the two theories
看到 introduce a discussion 覺得很棒,後面有點猶豫 :compare 通常是錯的答案(後面的文章其實沒有比較這兩個理論)
D. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists
看到 provide a reason 心理一個問號:在哪裡?回去看定位的那句話 (line 22~32 很長,感受到出題的態度不友善),果然沒有.後半 surprising 對應 despite => 寫作技巧題,問的是後面要寫的東西:接下來作者要 provide a reason 沒錯!
考 GMAT 要學習克服心理障礙;看答案的長相幫助提醒自己,有其道理.