OG48-42(business)(整合與委外孰佳)

[agk99]

Passage 42(business)

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independent producers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap(得到) short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.
第一段直接帶出現代企業若是需要可靠的原料來讓營運獲利，那麼就會面臨owning and buying dilemma. 並且緊接著表示，integrate很好，也就是owning the producer can reap short-term rewards, but lost the innovation.

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (ferrous(含鐵的) metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail (involve) a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.
第二段：承接第一段，整合型的公司remove the need for purchasing function, centralize, and permit the company to eliminate the efforts in R and D. 但高度整合的公司可能跟不上科技的腳步，甚至有應付不了科技公司的危機。
(承接第二段)A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.
承接第二段，獨立供貨商不會願意和對手分享創新，即便是能夠發展科技，也是受 end product侷限，與包商長期合作，才能享受成本優勢，並且不必與公司的創新能力做妥協。

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. (不整合也非解決之道)Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.

*257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward
integration EXCEPT:
(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses
(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components
(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
(D) reliability of a source of necessary components
(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts
答案B

258. According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may
(A) withhold technological innovations from the assembler
(B) experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products
(C) lower their prices to protect themselves from competition
(D) suffer financial difficulties and go out of business
(E) stop developing new versions of the component

259. Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?
(A) The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.
(B) A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.
(C) Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragraph.
(D) Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic.
(E) A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.

260. According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components?
(A) Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are low.
(B) Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.
(C) Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.
(D) Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low.
(E) Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.

[agk99]

請教257題

[bear]

257....唔...不知道agk老大哪裡有問題....

這段要回文中定位
以下列關鍵字
(A)overhead(10)
(B) profit margin (39, 這個在下面好幾段, 當然不對啦~~)
(C) (9-10)
(D) reliability(1, 第一行....這個容易忽略)
(E)elimination(11)

[micht]

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independent producers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap(得到) short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.


Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (ferrous(含鐵的) metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail (involve) a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics

*257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward
integration EXCEPT:
(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses
(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components [沒有]
可是我會已經有　因為Line 14 backward integration almost certainly boosts profits 我想是因為 profit 不等於 profit margin only sales of components components= ferrous metals or petroleum for example[Line13] 但backward integration 我想應該是產品profit increase 而非 profits margin on sales of componets

(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
(D) reliability of a source of necessary components
(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts

[James]

OG48-42隱藏檔供大家練習
我不知到紅色的底色要怎麼隱藏？

[魚]

報告

如果不是XP 就不能改喔

[soami]

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independent producers.
只看紅色部分，組裝商面臨一個抉擇，擁有生產這些零件的公司，或是跟獨立
廠商購買零件。在回頭看其他部分： 這些公司需要原料和精密的零件來營運
擁有生產這些零件的公司(又稱為向後整合)。
Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewardsbut they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.
這句不用水上漂了，看到integrate，就知道在講那些向後整合的公司可能會有
短期獲利，但也常常限制了未來產品創新能力。

小結第一段： 組裝業面臨一種抉擇，owning or buying，看到這裡可以猜後面
文章一定是在做二者敘述以及比較。

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. 果然提到了向後整合，並且提出向後整合的好處。
Where components are commodities (metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. 向後整合確保利潤
Nevertheless,重點要來了 because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, 產品創新很重要
backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics. 同時向後整合也讓
公司承擔無法創新的風險。

小結第二段：向後整合的優缺點介紹。

A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. 繼續說到創新整合的壞處，把自己封鎖在一
個過時的科技環境。
Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing.但供應商卻不一定願意分享創新
結果給組裝商，(按：有看過英特爾分享cpus技術嗎?) Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products.繼續講缺點
Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.這裡提到和供應商簽長期約可以不會妨礙到創新能力。(一邊自行研發，一邊照合約拿最新的零件)

本段小結：跟上一段一樣繼續壓著 backward integration 打。

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. 但拿掉向後整合又十分不妥 Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. 獨立供應商花在研究的費用很可觀
The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms.零件銷售的低利潤侵蝕
長期財務利基 Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components,
因為end-part組裝商回應市場在很大程度上取決這些零件供應者
assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.
導致組裝公司常常被迫去購買這些零件，為了要保持和供應商的生意往來

最後一段總結：作者這邊又提出向後整合還是有其存在的必要性，基於上列因素。

呼呼第一次發表rc的文章，寫到後面都不知道自己在寫什麼了，跟大衛的水上漂
比起來，叫我三腳貓地上滾好了。

[agk99]

to Soami
寫得很好呀，請繼續努力，最好幫我把舊版的OG48篇重新評點一次

[soami]

to Soami
寫得很好呀，請繼續努力，最好幫我把舊版的OG48篇重新評點一次

小弟能力有限，有些文章我看的還蠻吃力的，有些比較簡單的我找時間po出來，

有錯誤請大家指教一下。

[davidlee0222]

ㄣ
有出現一點水上飄的影子了
看來這招輕功不會絕後~

主要結構跟次要結構概念若能完整
將會比你現在再快三倍以上

[davidlee0222]

Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components,
因為end-part組裝商回應市場在很大程度上取決這些零件供應者---->組裝場對市場機會的回應能力
意思就是出現市場機會時
來不來的及推出產品滿足需求

assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.
導致組裝公司常常被迫去購買這些零件，為了要保持和供應商的生意往來
是為了不要讓供應商倒掉


呼呼第一次發表rc的文章，寫到後面都不知道自己在寫什麼了，跟大衛的水上漂
比起來，叫我三腳貓地上滾好了。

賣安尼貢~
很不錯了
對文字跟細節的敏銳度還有進步空間

開放性閱讀可以加強
可以看一下大衛的國際雜誌領讀
建議也可以試試看

[evelyn]

謝謝agk跟soami的分享
這篇文章個人覺得真的很難
反覆看了幾遍還是覺得霧煞煞
想在此墾請大衛祖師爺親自現身說法
教教小女子該怎麼讀這篇文章好嗎
您的大恩大德 感激不盡啊!!
謝謝!!!!!

[davidlee0222]

粉久沒用輕功水上飄了
不過還一直有K國際雜誌
感覺又加速了
再等小弟一個月畢業
把輕功水上飄加速版分享各位

簡單幾個原則
讀辭組重點
一次分輕重力道點水掃過
連兩段式都免了

主軸重點用紅色
次要輕掃用紫色

Passage 42(business)

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independent producers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap(得到) short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.
有上過班就知道
公司到底要外包還是自行生產(垂直整合)
自行生產可短期獲利
但無法研發--這是作者說的


Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adoptingthe most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.
remove the need for purchasing function, centralize, and permit the company to eliminate the efforts in R and D.
自營生產不需要採購跟行銷
作業集中且不用繁複研發
這些零件也是產品，可以拿去賣生出利潤
然而因為產品研發要有最新技術跟低成本生產
自營生產會有風險


(承接第二段)A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.
自營生產的公司會過氣
因為別家製造商不願分享技術
再者，自營生產若失去技術領先（因為放棄研發）
將必須與組裝廠妥協而讓出成品技術
長期的簽約商不但一樣可以有成本優勢
又不用讓出研發能力

看起來作者目前支持不要自行生產

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.
然而不自營也不能全身而退
研發科技需要大量資金研發
低獲利威脅了長期財務的穩定
因為成品組裝廠重度依賴供應商
有些組裝廠乾脆買下供應商
不然供應商早就倒了

*257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward
integration EXCEPT:
(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses
(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components
(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
(D) reliability of a source of necessary components
(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts
答案B

258. According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may
(A) withhold technological innovations from the assembler
(B) experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products
(C) lower their prices to protect themselves from competition
(D) suffer financial difficulties and go out of business
(E) stop developing new versions of the component

259. Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?
(A) The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.
(B) A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.
(C) Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragraph.
(D) Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic.
(E) A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.

260. According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components?
(A) Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are low.
(B) Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.
(C) Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.
(D) Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low.
(E) Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.

[davidlee0222]

忽然感覺文章變的好簡單．．
看來固定大量閱讀真的有點用∼

257要看一下OG
我怎麼覺得是A?!
四提我選AABD
太久沒碰了~~

[agk99]

大衛兄

該打屁股了
257題當然選B，理由是根本文章沒有提到呀，沒有提到，except，就它啦
A錯的理由在於，既然向後整合了，那麼上下游一體，所有的成本、費用(overhead)自然降低，當然是好處，所以不選