[問題]GWD31- Q23

[SugarChunda]

Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity. But discoveries of the three-million-year-old fossilized remains of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools.

Walking on two legs in an upright posture (bipedal locomotion) is a less efficient proposition than walking on all fours (quadrupedal locomotion) because several muscle groups that the quadruped uses for propulsion must instead to provide the biped with stability and control. The shape and configuration of various bones must likewise be modified to allow the muscles to perform these functions in upright walking. Reconstruction of the pelvis (hipbones) and femur (thighbone) of “Lucy”, a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the australopithecine era, has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee. Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant. By contrast, the head of Lucy’s baby could have been no larger than that of a baby chimpanzee.

If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright? (Line 50) One theory is that bipedality evolved in conjunction with the nuclear family: monogamous parents cooperating to care for their offspring.Walking upright permitted the father to use his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate from a distance, allowing the mother to devote more time and energy to nurturing and protecting their children. According to this view, the transition to bipedal walking may have occurred as long as ten million years ago, at the time of the earliest hominids, making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution.

23: the primary purpose of the passage is to
A: present an interpretation of the chronological relationship
between bipedal locomotion and certain other key aspects
of human evolution
B: compare the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of
bipedal locomotion to those of quadrupedal locomotion
C: argue that the transition to a nuclear family structure was a
more crucial step in human evolution than was the
development of stone tools
D: analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show
that the large brain of modern humans developed at a later
stage of evolution than was previously believed
E: use examples of muscle and bone structure to illustrate the
evolutionary differences between modern humans,
australopithecines, and chimpanzees

Ans. A
想請問D選項的缺點 ? 謝謝各位幫忙 !

PS. 因為這一篇好像還沒有人討論過, 我也把其他題目跟參考答案補上 :

20: the passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 50-54 (One theory is … offspring) assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently?
A: development of a nuclear family structure
B: transition from walking on all fours to walking upright
C: dramatic enlargement of the brain
D: use of the hands to gather and carry food
E: modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion
Ans. C

21: the passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are
A: less well adapted to large group cooperation
B: less well adapted to walking upright
C: more agile in running and climbing
D: more well suited to a nuclear family structure
E: more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring
Ans. B

22: According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?
A: brain size
B: tool making ability
C: shape of the pelvis
D: method of locomotion
E: preference for certain foods
Ans. D

[小茉莉]

Q23的主旨題我也想很久
所以頂一下
以下是我的想法
答案A
因文章架構大致如下
(一)過去想法:mental capacity(頭變大)-->使用工具-->站著走
但有解剖學研究發現站著走比 頭變大及使用工具都要早
(二)說明解剖發現
(三)站著走與核心家庭產生的關係 如果是這樣 則人類很早就站著走 是人類演化很重要的一環

文章有講到站著走與使用工具及頭變大及核心家庭等重要演化的時間關係


而答案D不好的原因大概是解剖只有在第一二段提到不夠全面

雖然糖小姐已考完成為牛人
但這篇好像也是高頻 大家討論一下吧

[小智]

Q23的主旨題我也想很久
所以頂一下
以下是我的想法
答案A
因文章架構大致如下
(一)過去想法:mental capacity(頭變大)-->使用工具-->站著走

Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity.
由於過去完成式應該比過去式發生時間早
從這句話來看 使用工具應該比腦變大早耶... 所以我覺得先後順序應該如下：
過去想法:使用工具-->站著走-->mental capacity(腦變大)

[小智]

我想請教各位牛人
GWD31-Q21:
the passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are
A: less well adapted to large group cooperation
B: less well adapted to walking upright
C: more agile in running and climbing
D: more well suited to a nuclear family structure
E: more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring
Ans. B

這題很怪 講modern humans比起hominid australopithecines(原人)來如何如何
我選E(本篇主旨) 但覺得D也很像
A, B, C很明顯都是在講原人
可是答案怎麼會是B呢？ 現代人比起原人還更不適合直立行走？ 我搞迷糊了

[stilalala]

我想請教各位牛人
GWD31-Q21:
the passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are
A: less well adapted to large group cooperation
B: less well adapted to walking upright
C: more agile in running and climbing
D: more well suited to a nuclear family structure
E: more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring
Ans. B

這題很怪 講modern humans比起hominid australopithecines(原人)來如何如何
我選E(本篇主旨) 但覺得D也很像
A, B, C很明顯都是在講原人
可是答案怎麼會是B呢？ 現代人比起原人還更不適合直立行走？ 我搞迷糊了

不是牛人
但是
Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant.
這一段給了解答

Lucy的骨盆比現在人圓圓的骨盆(因為孩子的腦容量比較大,骨盆也比較元比較大),更適合行走

一開始也錯了

[stilalala]

Q23的主旨題我也想很久
所以頂一下
以下是我的想法
答案A
因文章架構大致如下
(一)過去想法:mental capacity(頭變大)-->使用工具-->站著走

Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity.
由於過去完成式應該比過去式發生時間早
從這句話來看 使用工具應該比腦變大早耶... 所以我覺得先後順序應該如下：
過去想法:使用工具-->站著走-->mental capacity(腦變大)

一開始也選到d
但是仔細再看看d選項
就會發現d不夠全面性
人腦容量變大比人開始行走晚,只侷限在第一二段

相反的,看a
說的淋漓盡致
chrnological relationship between......

時間上的關係:
本來以為:腦容量先變大-->再行走
(key aspects of human evolution --> bipedal)

後來證據顯示 (interpret the evidence)
是 nuclear 影響了bipedal
(key aspects of human evolution 與bipedal之關係)

全文就是繞著,這些打轉
所以我想a是沒有問題的

請多多指教

[uioxcv]

請教一下Q22:
According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?
A: brain size
B: tool making ability
C: shape of the pelvis
D: method of locomotion
E: preference for certain foods
ANS: D
我看了很多遍還是不知道為什麼要選D耶??從何得知呢?可是好像刪去法也只剩D可選^^"

[stilalala]

請教一下Q22:
According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?
A: brain size
B: tool making ability
C: shape of the pelvis
D: method of locomotion
E: preference for certain foods
ANS: D
我看了很多遍還是不知道為什麼要選D耶??從何得知呢?可是好像刪去法也只剩D可選^^"

我覺得是因為他們都是用雙腳走路的,所以d對
請指教

[tsaowen]

Q23的主旨題我也想很久
所以頂一下
以下是我的想法
答案A
因文章架構大致如下
(一)過去想法:mental capacity(頭變大)-->使用工具-->站著走

Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity.
由於過去完成式應該比過去式發生時間早
從這句話來看 使用工具應該比腦變大早耶... 所以我覺得先後順序應該如下：
過去想法:使用工具-->站著走-->mental capacity(腦變大)

But discoveries of the three-million-year-old fossilized remains of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools.

那是考古學家的想法 使用tool --腦變大--站著走
所以你推論的是考古學家的想法
但後段文章都在說 應該是 站著走--腦變大和使用tool

open to discuss~

[kaijen]

22: According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?
A: brain size
B: tool making ability
C: shape of the pelvis
D: method of locomotion
E: preference for certain foods
Ans. D

Reconstruction of the pelvis (hipbones) and femur (thighbone) of “Lucy”, a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the australopithecine era, has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate.
可以因為這句話而選(C)嗎?

[dibert8]

接下去那句 Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human 說明 Lucy 和現代人的 pelvis 形狀並不相同.

[小花]

20: the passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 50-54 (One theory is … offspring) assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently?
A: development of a nuclear family structure
B: transition from walking on all fours to walking upright
C: dramatic enlargement of the brain
D: use of the hands to gather and carry food
E: modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion
Ans. C

我想請問一下 這一提是不是問以下何者是人類最晚演化的部分

Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools

得知雙腳走路發生在 腦變大 和使用工具之前

If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright

使用工具時 腦還是小的 所以腦變大發生在使用工具後

演化的順序為
雙腳走路 => 使用工具 =>腦變大

是這樣推論出來的嗎?

open to discuss

[sunnyblue13s]

應該是這樣的~~

[ilovecushi]

接下去那句 Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human 說明 Lucy 和現代人的 pelvis 形狀並不相同.

so, which sentence refers to "method of locomotion"

thanks!

[FIG]

我想請教各位牛人
GWD31-Q21:
the passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are
A: less well adapted to large group cooperation
B: less well adapted to walking upright
C: more agile in running and climbing
D: more well suited to a nuclear family structure
E: more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring
Ans. B

這題很怪 講modern humans比起hominid australopithecines(原人)來如何如何
我選E(本篇主旨) 但覺得D也很像
A, B, C很明顯都是在講原人
可是答案怎麼會是B呢？ 現代人比起原人還更不適合直立行走？ 我搞迷糊了

不是牛人
但是
Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant.
這一段給了解答

Lucy的骨盆比現在人圓圓的骨盆(因為孩子的腦容量比較大,骨盆也比較元比較大),更適合行走

一開始也錯了

我對這句還是有疑問題.... 不知有沒有人可以support一下
Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant.

orange色的部分是插入句，
不看插入句
Lucy’s wide bowl-like pelvis of the modern human
我解讀的意思是Lucy的和modern human類似

至於插入句
shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder
這個rounder的意思我不太敢肯定
除非它代表的是modern human ，不然這句似乎沒有Lucy的和modern human比的意思
所以我選不出B....
是不是我漏掉了 什麼，大家幫我提醒一下...:)