[問題]GWD31- Q30

[SugarChunda]

GWD 31-Q30
The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

A: The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

B: It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

C: By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

D: To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

E: The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

CD上說這是一題爭議題, 沒有定見, 想請問大家的意見, 小妹自己是選A...
我的判斷準則是cost of sb. to do sth. 還有我想請問project 跟estimate的用法在這一題是不是關鍵 ? 我查過字典,感覺上project的使用應該沒有問題, 因為他的解釋是To use the information ypu have now to calculate or plan what will happen in the future.
煩請大家指點迷津, 謝謝 !

[michelle610]

這題....的每個答案 就像人們眼中的另一半一樣 有討喜的地方 也有討厭的地方
先說兩個方向好了
1. industry's cost VS the cost to industry
查了google 發現這兩種用法都有

2. project VS estimate
兩者在此不論是project的計畫 或是estimate的評估 好像在句意上都
可以解釋
但是 project at---投擲 發射的意思
estimate O1+ at O2/that---估計 估量的意思
又estimate O1也有可能為了符合輕到重而後移 端看句意
所以 estimate at/ that 這兩種用法保留

A: The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
(1) industry's cost---O
(2) project at-------X

B: It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
(1) estimate that-----O
(2) the cost to industry-----O
(3) )[s]原題是用"to meet(滿足 符合)"而非"of meeting(會議)" [/s]
(我錯了 請大家看一下樓下小馬妹妹的發言)


C: By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
(1)industry's cost-----O
(2)project at----------X
(3)[s]原題是用"to meet(滿足 符合)"而非"of meeting(會議)" [/s]
(我錯了 請大家看一下樓下小馬妹妹的發言)

D: To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
(1)the cost to------O
(2)estimate at------O

E: The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
(1)the cost to------O
(2)estimate at------O

這樣看來看去 好像是DE比較有可能對 , 可是我又覺得"by the end of the decade"這個時間副詞的位置 D比較正確 所以我應該是會選D吧!!! 再討論囉!!!

這句話---弱弱的試著翻一下
美國石油產業的成本為了符合環境法規,被以每桶提煉油的價格的百分之十來估算在這十年結束的時候

PS 題外話 忘記是哪位大大提供的好辦法"google搜尋" 實在是太好用啦~~,十分感謝那為大大的聰明才智!!!

[林小馬]

哈哈 我覺得這題好難喔~~~
我說說我覺得可能是哪個
不過我也老實講我對自己的答案沒有信心

我喜歡...B!!!!!!!!!

(1) by end of the decade
首先我覺得by end of the decade要沒有導致句意錯誤或ambiguity才行
根據句意 應該是說
by end of the decade, cost就會是10% of XXXX
但是很多選項中by end of the decade的擺放位置
會導致by end of the decade變成在形容estimate/project
有些是句意錯誤 有些是有可能形容兩個導致ambiguity
應該是
現在estimate/project, by end of the decade時cost會是10% 才對

A刪掉--> ambiguity
B保留--> OK
C刪掉--> 句意錯誤
D刪掉--> ambiguity
E刪掉--> 沒有ambuiguity,但插在cost和cost的目的中間不好

(2) 改變句意
D To meet environmental regulations,
這樣放在最前面導致句意改變
變成這是cost is estimated的目的
變成"為了達到環保法規的要求,所以預估成本會是10%"
但原題應該是"為了達到環保法規要求所帶來的成本,會是10%"

(3) cost
cost的用法應該是 the cost of sth to sb
B-> 用the cost to sb of sth
我不知道會不會有問題 可是我覺得換個順序應該是沒問題的
ACE-> sb's cost 其實我猜也還好耶
只是因為那個sb太長了很冗 唸起來實在給他不順
AE--> 用the cost to meet XX 就不太對
因為to 應該是接sb(也就是cost的所有者)
D-->the cost to sb用法漂亮
但就如之前講的,把cost的目的放到最前面就改變句意了

(4)at
at有點奇怪(to be 會好點嗎?)
ACDE
這個我非常不確定喔 只是猜

(5)
我覺得B用it is estimated that很漂亮啊因為把所有東西都放在that子句裡,就可以避免ambiguity了

這題真有點難啊
請大家幫忙提一下自己的觀點吧
更多不同切入角度出來
答案一定就會慢慢明朗的!!!!!
我有講錯的地方也麻煩幫我更正一下喔
謝謝謝謝!!!

[chihhan123]

我這邊有個淺見，看到這一題有cost我就直接想到
OG #101題
Even though the direct costs of malpractice disputes amounts to a sum........

以及
OG #110題
It has been estimated that illiteracy cost the United States at least ....

OG的ETS原文解釋Line 4
...for greattest clarity, cost should be follow immediately by a phrase (e.g. of illiteracy) that identifies the nature of the cost.

莫老師的補充：cost 一定用of，絕不用to這條規則
另外，字典上真的沒有 cost to 人 of 物的用法....
因此我認為(A)(B)(D)(E)不選

對於estimate的用法
我做個補充:

<<慣用語>>
estimate + N + to be + adj.
=estimate + N + to be (about) + N
=estimate + N + at + N
=estimate + that 子句

另外，我覺得將By the end of the decade, 放在句首並沒有改變句義的意思
我認為(C)比較好

膽敢忤逆台灣新牛人，罪該萬死....恕罪恕罪....

[林小馬]

莫老師的補充：cost 一定用of，絕不用to這條規則
另外，字典上真的沒有 cost to 人 of 物的用法....
因此我認為(A)(B)(D)(E)不選

另外，我覺得將By the end of the decade, 放在句首並沒有改變句義的意思
我認為(B)比較好

膽敢忤逆台灣新牛人，罪該萬死....恕罪恕罪....

你不要說不敢忤逆啦
你這樣說我以後都不敢PO文章了啦
我老實講我其實沒有什麼文法概念
常常憑感覺
所以會出錯啦~~~
謝謝指正喔

可是照你說的 你應該是覺得C比較好吧
有點CONFUSED 因為你說B刪掉然後又說覺得B好

謝謝指正啦 我以後會先瞄一下字典 哈哈
偷懶被抓包

( 後記: 查了字典還的確沒有 cost to sb這種東西
恩 至少我手邊的沒有啦
不好意思啦

重新看一遍, 我可以同意C那樣可以不算句意問題
可是這樣的話
是不是可以說by end of the decade的位置
除了E以外都沒有問題?
因為E插在中間真的很奇怪)

[michelle610]

唉~~搞了半天 這題和修辭大全的補充#94一樣阿!!!只是答案的順序改變啦 看了解釋 小馬妹妹果然是牛人 直接就把我的myth點出來啦 應該是要用of meeting 而不是to meet OG還是沒看熟阿!!!


43.
The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(A) The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(B) The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(C) By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(D) To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(E) It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

Choice A, B, C, and D are awkward and confusing. In A, for example, the issue is not the industry’s cost but the cost to the industry(所以莫老的說法不一定完全正確唷 莫老說的cost一定用of應該是指某物某事的成本 但是這題的意思應該是要說某成本屬於美國的石油產業的成本 所以是用the cost to 注意題目中的cost有定冠詞); also, to meet should be of meeting here, projected at is unidiomatic, and by the end of the decade is placed so that its meaning is unclear. B and C suffer from many of the same problems. The wording of D implies that cost is estimated in order to meet environmental regulations. E alone makes a logical statement and varies verb tense to indicate that the issue is present estimates of future costs. The question is moderately difficult.

所以小結一下 本題總更考了四個考點
1.the cost to VS sb's cost

2.project at用法在這裡是錯低(至於為什麼錯 可以去查字典 或是看一下二樓 在下的小小發言)

3.of meeting VS to meet(這裡可以去看一下小馬妹妹的發言)

4.by the end of the decade的位置(也就是我們莫老所說的 要注意副詞的位置)

[維尼]

補充一下關於 cost to sb 的用法
我的Longman可以查到一個慣用語
at (a) cost to somebody
看起來或許 cost to sb 是一個可接受的用法

至於project的用法
我記得在紙本考古題 Form 18 No 16 有一題也是
只是那題還有用名詞project一起下去考
老師解釋時也說要注意有些是投射而非預測的意思

[SugarChunda]

看完大家的討論真的覺得獲益良多 ! 謝謝大家熱情參與 !

[sophiechen]

補充一下關於 cost to sb 的用法
我的Longman可以查到一個慣用語
at (a) cost to somebody
看起來或許 cost to sb 是一個可接受的用法

This is a very good example to demonstrate that we cannot rule out one answer only because the usage is not stated in "our" dictionary. As a dictionary shows how the word is used, but that not necessaily mean what is not stated in your dictionary could not be an acceptable usage.

[tsaowen]

唉~~搞了半天 這題和修辭大全的補充#94一樣阿!!!只是答案的順序改變啦 看了解釋 小馬妹妹果然是牛人 直接就把我的myth點出來啦 應該是要用of meeting 而不是to meet OG還是沒看熟阿!!!


43.
The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(A) The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(B) The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(C) By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(D) To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(E) It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

Choice A, B, C, and D are awkward and confusing. In A, for example, the issue is not the industry’s cost but the cost to the industry(所以莫老的說法不一定完全正確唷 莫老說的cost一定用of應該是指某物某事的成本 但是這題的意思應該是要說某成本屬於美國的石油產業的成本 所以是用the cost to 注意題目中的cost有定冠詞); also, to meet should be of meeting here, projected at is unidiomatic, and by the end of the decade is placed so that its meaning is unclear. B and C suffer from many of the same problems. The wording of D implies that cost is estimated in order to meet environmental regulations. E alone makes a logical statement and varies verb tense to indicate that the issue is present estimates of future costs. The question is moderately difficult.

所以小結一下 本題總更考了四個考點
1.the cost to VS sb's cost

2.project at用法在這裡是錯低(至於為什麼錯 可以去查字典 或是看一下二樓 在下的小小發言)

3.of meeting VS to meet(這裡可以去看一下小馬妹妹的發言)

4.by the end of the decade的位置(也就是我們莫老所說的 要注意副詞的位置)

我本來選D
語意很清楚阿
為了達到環保規定，石油成本預計於十年後會達10%... 副詞子句放在句尾很清楚修飾is estimated...

不過看了這麼多討論後
想問一下
如果是以 by the end of the decade 來看，配合estimate的語意，用will be 的假設語氣會不會也是考點之一咧~
這樣比較能接受B比D更好~

BTW, 無生命的名詞加's，通常會先不考慮為正確選項，所以是在BD之間決選...

open to discuss~

[ck1109]

B: It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.


應該沒有the cost to 的用法
只有 the cost at

不過我想這邊的to the United States 是介詞片語修飾cost
真正要表達的還是 the cost of meeting environment regulations

這麼一來就沒有 the cost to 的問題嚕
因為 to the United States 只是個修飾語

[willyyang]

看完討論真的很精采，好像比CD上面的精闢

另外看到一點

其實只有 (B)的時態是 未來式

這個是對未來的一種預測 (估計)，可能用未來式會恰當一些

請NN指正喔

[takuan]

這一題是很舊的題目...在不知是哪一版的OG上面...轉載自CD...選項改了一下方便大家看

Choice A, C, D and E are awkward and confusing. In A, for example, the issue is not the industry’s cost but the cost to the industry; also, to meet should be of meeting here, projected at is unidiomatic, and by the end of the decade is placed so that its meaning is unclear. C and E suffer from many of the same problems. The wording of D implies that cost… is estimated in order to meet environmental regulations. B alone makes a logical statement and varies verb tense to indicate that the issue is present estimates of future costs. The question is moderately difficult.

所以答案確定是B...

[dibert8]

(A) (D) (E) by... 時間副詞修飾歧異
(A) (C) (E) ~'s +N 這樣的所有格少選
考at vs to be
10% 在這裡沒有rate, speed 的意思 (e.g.成長率), 單一數字用 to be (參見GWD31-Q28)
=>只有 (B) 對

[lucyyeh]

這一題我也覺得好難喔，A, C除了大家所說的錯外，我在想那個is projected at 的 at 是不是跟cost來的阿?