由 michelle610 » 2005-10-31 21:10
如下
ROI 超高頻題
ROI的那篇GWD,內容大概是：美國很多企業用投資回報率來衡量投資的收益，並決定是否要投資。但是這個標準忽略了在研發等起初高投入收益低，只有長期投入才會有很好收益的項目，因此，使得社會沒有進步的動力，因此，現在提倡用另外一個measure來衡量，新的方法更重視企業的健康發展，而不會使得企業因為只是追求短期的投入而失去的更廣闊的發展空間。問題就是問ROI這個measure有什麼弊端，還有一個問作者的態度---超級明顯，最後一個問兩個measure的區別
問題: 1.有問主題的題;
2..另一題問 用 ROI 來衡量企業performance 的話, 有什麼缺點.
參考GWD2Q5 – Q8:
This passage is based on an article written in 2000.
The traditional model of employer-employee relations in the United States was a “psychological contract” in which employees made long-term commitments to organizations in exchange for long-term job security, training and development, and internal opportunities for promotion. Beginning mainly with the recession in the early 1970’s, this paradigm began to unravel. Organizations began using extensive downsizing and outsourcing to decrease the number of permanent employees in the workforce. Among
employees this situation has resulted in a decided shift in desire: in stead of working their way up in an organization, many now prefer to work their way out. Entrepreneurship at the small business administration are now the fastest-growing majors in business schools.
企業嘗試使用新的方式去降低成本，導致大家都想換工作，商學院更是掀起創業風潮
Several factors have generated movement from the old paradigm to the new one. Organizations have had legitimate and pressing reasons to shift to a new paradigm of employer-employee relations. Large numbers of permanent employees make it difficult for organizations to respond quickly to downturns in demand by decreasing payroll costs. The enormous rights in wrongful discharge suites has created incentives for organizations to use temporary, contract, and leased employees in order to distance themselves from potential litigation problems. Moreover, top management is under increased pressure
from shareholders to generate higher and higher levels of return on investment in the short run, resulting in declines in hiring, increases in layoffs, and shortage of funds for employee development.
擁有眾多員工的企業根本面對員工被遺散的訴訟成本，都傾向使用短期且暫時的合約維持運作，目的還是降低員工成本
At the same time, a lack of forthrightness on the part of organizations has led to increased cynicism among employees about management’s motivation and competence. Employees are now working 15 percent more hours per week than they were 20 years ago, but organizations acknowledge this fact only by running stress-management workshops to help employees to cope. Sales people are being asked to increase sales at the same time organizations have cut travel, phone, and advertising budgets. Employees could probably
cope effectively with changes in the psychological contract if organizations were more forthright about how they were changing it. But the euphemistic jargon used by executives to justify the changes they were implementing frequently backfires; rather than engendering sympathy for management’s position, it sparks employees’ desire to be free of the organization all together. In a recent study of employees’ attitudes about management, 49 percent of the sample strongly agreed that “management will take advantage of you if given the chance.”
沙丘的形成與沙鳴
【本月機經】
我去網路找了一下背景知識
大家多看多參考http://www.chariho.k12.ri.us/curriculum/MISmart/ocean/sand5.htm
這片文章細節很重要，第二三段要仔細看，我是回去重頭看的
第一段：沙丘的形成原因與過程, sand被風吹後，被擋住，停留在某地stagnate
後就形成沙丘。最triky的題目使給了五句話讓排列順序，說明沙丘形
成的先後順序
第二段：沙丘的流動(34 or 43度就會流動)。locomotion已經被充分瞭解，但是有
時沙丘會sound還是個謎，只有一種解釋，這種解釋可以解釋一些東東
不能解釋一些東東；好像還講到流沙什麼的(drift sand)
這裡有題問到which of the following is true according to the passage.
答案是 drift sand何時發生是難以預測的。
第三段：比較了seashore 與 desert的沙丘。雖然dryer condition很重要，但也是
需要有水份的，moisture.
關鍵字：Saltation
(geology) the leaping movement of sand or soil particles as they are transported in a fluid medium over an uneven surface
booming（發出聲響）temperamental
有primary purpose 題：describe the exisiting knowledge
背靠傳統 才知道未來該往哪裡去
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