[問題]GWD 28-Q3 \ 28-Q5

[cimim]

28-3~6passage one
　　Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior. It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a behavior such that the naïve animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods. Some experiments have suggested that among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food (30) or a food in a distinctly marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color (35) or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating (40) red food that was treated so as to be noxious. Studies on non-avian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.
　　But Sherwin's recent (50) experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel (55) foods that are noxious or toxic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head (60) shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of atability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal. (80) In a related experiment the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.

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28-3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the

A ) techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birds
B ) reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammals
C ) question of how social learning manifests itself in birds
D ) basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammals
E ) possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way

答案C 或 E 有爭議

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28-5:
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin’s research team?

A ) Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.
B ) Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food.
C ) Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.
D ) Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.
E ) Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods.

答案E
不過我這邊對Ｅ有疑問 ，文章裡面沒有提到說Demonstrator hens 會改變啊?
Demonstrator hens 不是都是拿來示範用的 才是
我選A 理由是 ...
Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of atability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such foodor if the consequences of ingestion were minimal ,
因此可以反証 少數的鳥如果 not rarely encountered ..... 就懂得avoid toxic food

[stilalala]

28-3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the

A ) techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birds
B ) reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammals
C ) question of how social learning manifests itself in birds
D ) basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammals
E ) possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way

答案C 或 E 有爭議

我覺得答案應該是c,雖然感覺還是怪怪的
但是相比之下,c感覺比e來得全面
e.講reason的部分應該是指pressure那幾行(line61-80)
似乎有些too specific

全篇比較像是在探討,究竟birds有沒有social learning brehavior
一開始說birds的behavior與mammal不一樣
birds---noxious , mammal --palatable food
但是又引進s的research 說明
其實演化的環境等,未必一定就會學習哪個食物是有毒的
但是s也發現,birds還是跟mammal一樣會學習哪種食物是palatable



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28-5:
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin’s research team?

A ) Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.
B ) Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food.
C ) Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.
D ) Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.
E ) Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods.

答案E
不過我這邊對Ｅ有疑問 ，文章裡面沒有提到說Demonstrator hens 會改變啊?
Demonstrator hens 不是都是拿來示範用的 才是
我選A 理由是 ...
Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of atability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such foodor if the consequences of ingestion were minimal ,
因此可以反証 少數的鳥如果 not rarely encountered ..... 就懂得avoid toxic food
[/quote]

這題我一開始選e,但後萊也覺得demonstrater有點問題
請nn幫忙阿

有錯請指正

[superruby]

28-5:
選不出答案, 最後選B, 不過檢討時發現 'only after numerous instances of' 條件不應該存在.
每個答案要選都很遷強

[davidlee0222]

28-3
小弟認為是E沒問題
C是講在鳥類中社會學習如何自我操控
第一段最後句有講到非鳥類
因此不侷限在鳥類
另外社會學習不會自我操控

文章主軸在講以鳥類為例的一種學習方式的可能解釋
就是E的內容

28-5A很奸詐
要很小心
文中只講可能無直接關聯
就算數量多還是可能有其他變因
因此推不出A
第二段講到DH對厭惡的食物不一定有社會學習
但最末句講對喜歡的食物會有社會學習
因此E會對

小弟有點搞不懂第二段對S研究者的研究結果
S懷疑是該種生物在演化過程中的生態或社會抑制
導致社會學習益處不大(atability查不到)
但舉了個例說沒遇過毒害食物的或後果不嚴重的
所面臨的選擇壓力較小
這個例子跟論調是什麼關係?

B錯在only after
沒講如果沒看別的鳥吐會不會還是不吃

[superruby]

28-3
小弟有點搞不懂第二段對S研究者的研究結果
S懷疑是該種生物在演化過程中的生態或社會抑制
導致社會學習益處不大(atability查不到)
但舉了個例說沒遇過毒害食物的或後果不嚴重的
所面臨的選擇壓力較小
這個例子跟論調是什麼關係?

B

大哥可能想得太深入了
the consequences of ingestion were minimal-> little benifit for 社會學習, 所以這個例子是來解釋S的論調的
說不正確的話,請多多指教

[davidlee0222]

...
現在看懂發現好像真的想太多
感謝超魯比