[問題]Prep-T2-Q83

[kotokolin]

83. (28949-!-item-!-188;#058&004110)

The number of plant and animal species that humans are known to have forced to extinction in the last half millennium is over 800.

(A) humans are known to have forced to extinction
(B) humans are known as having forced to become extinct
(C) humans are known for forcing to become extinct
(D) are known that humans forced to become extinct
(E) are known as having been forced to extinction by humans

答案A
因為看到know for...很高興的選了C.... 結果居然不對 Orz
第二眼再看, 似乎有known as...選了B還是錯 @@!!
讓我想到以前莫老上課...這叫錯的一踏糊塗~

哪位大大來幫忙解一下怎麼回事呀?

[dibert8]

(A)! 真的嗎?

...species that humans are known to have forced to extinction...
humans 是主詞, 動詞(被動)是are known , 那 that 不是要當作連接詞? to have {forced to extinction} 指 humans (主詞)囉?

我想選 (E) 也. 可不可以確認一下?

[kotokolin]

沒錯! 我是在測Prep的時候看到這題的，剛剛去檢查了答案....真的是A

[dibert8]

這題把 be known 在字典上所有常用的介係詞都考出來了!

from Oxford,
know [v,n]
reputation
know sb/sth as sth ; know sb/sth for sth (usually passive)
to think that sb/sth is a particular type of person or thing or has particular characteristics
It's known as the most dangerous part of the city.
She is best known for her work on the human brain.
He's known to be an outstanding physicist.

選 (A) 的話, that 當連接詞,引導名詞子句作 species 的同位語.

from Oxford,
force [v,n]
compel
force sb (into sth/ into doing sth)
to make sb do sth that they do not want to do
The president was forced to resign.
I was forced to take a taxi because the last bus had left.
to make happen
Building a new road here will force house price down.

force 是及物動詞, (A) 合理的解釋似乎是: be forced to +N = be forced into +N
have 作使役動詞, to have 的動作來自主詞 humans.

(C) (D) 的 force 沒有接受詞,可以排除.
(E) 的 have 是助動詞, 現在完成式表示事件現在來看已經完成(已成過去),時態好像沒什麼可挑剔.被動少選?

另一個關鍵是 as ,當介係詞的解釋為"擔任,作為",如果是這樣子,後面是不是不能接動作呢?

[kotokolin]

經你這麼一講，倒是提醒我 known as/for +應該是接身分或是事情....不應該接動作....看到Oxford的舉例也是
It's known as the most dangerous part of the city(事情).
She is best known for her work on the human brain(事情).
看來B, C, E都得被排除

E不可以選吧? 其實我每次看到題目有having been+ Vpp的選項都直接殺掉，我都會先去找have Vpp的答案，因為比較直接

我覺的得句意應該是 人類以<迫害許多動植物絕種> 聞名
而不是 許多動植物以 <被人類迫害而絕種> 聞名
所以就去掉D和E
E還有一個句意怪異的地方在 .....by humans in the last half millennium...
in the last half millennium變成形容人了
所以我也可以讀成這些動植物是被"過去這一千年的人"迫害
我是覺得extinction in the last half millennium比較合理

同意你的解釋 A
humans have forced (plant and animal species) to extinction
但我不會把句子還原成原來的樣子...　

答案就A吧

[dibert8]

不錯的翻譯.
動植物以被人類消滅而出名的確不合理.

[kotokolin]

被我看到一個類似題了，原來有be known to +V...的用法
所以be known for/as +N
be known to +V
原來如此!

天山7-41
Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago,pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools
A. when it is known that humans made

B. at which it is known that humans had made

C. at which humans are known to have made

D. that humans are known to be making

E. of humans who were known to make

答案C
http://www.formosamba.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=6183

[gozui[origen]]

兩點補充:

1. 同樣的句型, 也可以在OG11 #71找到
2. 我覺得be known to應該是"被知道", 像是 something that is recognized 而不是 "聞名"的意思, 以天山7-41 為例, 解釋成聞名有點怪怪的

be known for比較有聞名的意思, 也就是"因為...而被大家認得"

[hwatai]

be known to V 表示一個事實，例：The planet is known to be cold and dark.

be known as N 表示以某種"身份"知名，例：He was known as a musician.

be known for N/ving 表示"作了某事"而知名，例：He was known for many acts of charity.
collins cobuild: if someone or something is known for a particular achievement or feature, they familiar to many people because of that achievement or feature.

[hey]

這一題我想了好久... 才想到是表推測的用法....
that humans are known to have forced to extinction in the last half millennium是當作species的同位語
其實是humans are known to have forced that (species) to extinction in the last half milliennium
其實這句可以換成it is known that humans forced that (species) to extinction in the last half milliennium
know用現在式是因為其為現在被知道, 但humans是在以前forced species, 表推測的句型是當兩件事發生在同一時間則為S + be + Vpp (推測動詞) + to V
當兩件事不是發生在同一時間則句型會變為 S + be + Vpp (推測動詞) + to have Vpp
所以這一句句子才會變成(A)這個選項

[rola1225]

我真不知選什麼，後來用國中的基本法解出
The number of plant and animal species is over 800.
Humans are known to have forced these plant and animal species to extinction in the last half millennium.
把以上兩句二合一就好了