[問題]OG 85-86

[marchmarch]

Question 85-86 are based on the following.
Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.

85. The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin’s claim, of the study described above?
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous as the users of the private land?
(E) Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no private land, for grazing?

答案：c，我選b

86. Which of the following, if true and known by the ranchers, would best help explain the results of the study?
(A) With private grazing land, both the costs and the benefits of overuse fall to the individual user.
(B) The cost in reduced land quality that is attributable to any individual user is less easily measured with common land than it is with private land.
(C) An individual who overuses common grazing land might be able to achieve higher returns than other users can, with the result that he or she would obtain a competitive advantage.
(D) If one user of common land overuses it even slightly, the other users are likely to do so even more, with the consequence that the costs to each user outweigh the benefits.
(E)There are more acres of grazing land held privately than there are held in common.


答案d，我選了b

有人可以解釋一下嗎？TKS :-$

[Ethan]

I don't understand.
OG offers the completed explanation, right?
What's your problem exactly?

[pcl12]

題目在要求你訐估研究的重要性和H's claim的關係
85題的C選項是比較基準不同的問題,在做任何比較之前,如果兩種土地的品質就已不同了
那就會影響到study結果的公正性,所以這樣的結果就對H's claim沒什麼幫助或危害了,也就是有可能這是一個無效的study。這是我能想到的....
我最近CR也實在讀得昏頭昏腦了,自己都快要沒什麼邏輯了...救命吶...

[marchmarch]

I don't understand.
OG offers the completed explanation, right?
What's your problem exactly?

我不懂題目意思，雖然每個單字都懂，但就是組合不起來.....
:(

[liwuu]

Dear marchㄅㄨ ㄅㄨ
怎麼說呢?
你覺得每個字都懂,卻組合不起來...介意說說你目前對題目的翻譯嗎?
或許這樣一來一往的回答會對你更加幫助唷!!
別灰心...

[Jessy]

Dear marchㄅㄨ ㄅㄨ
怎麼說呢?
你覺得每個字都懂,卻組合不起來...介意說說你目前對題目的翻譯嗎?
或許這樣一來一往的回答會對你更加幫助唷!!
別灰心...

同意liwuu說法
Jessy以前也是這樣,常常上來問一些笨問題
雖然現在也沒有多好,我還是想講講我的想法
即使是錯誤的,也可以從別人的回文中發現錯誤
把你的認知寫出來,大家比較能知道要從哪一個角度切入問題點
一起切磋討論唄!!

[marchmarch]

Dear marchㄅㄨ ㄅㄨ
怎麼說呢?
你覺得每個字都懂,卻組合不起來...介意說說你目前對題目的翻譯嗎?
或許這樣一來一往的回答會對你更加幫助唷!!
別灰心...

同意liwuu說法
Jessy以前也是這樣,常常上來問一些笨問題
雖然現在也沒有多好,我還是想講講我的想法
即使是錯誤的,也可以從別人的回文中發現錯誤
把你的認知寫出來,大家比較能知道要從哪一個角度切入問題點
一起切磋討論唄!!

Hardin認為公眾牧場比私人牧場更不小心被使用，每個牧場主人想過度使用公眾牧場，因為效益較高，但會減少牧場品質。但一個研究顯示，217百萬英畝的大眾牧場比433百萬英畝私人牧場的狀態較好。

感謝樓上忍受我的怪翻譯~~ (AA)

[liwuu]

Hardin認為公眾牧場比私人牧場更不小心被使用，每個牧場主人想過度使用公眾牧場，因為效益較高，但會減少牧場品質。但一個研究顯示，217百萬英畝的大眾牧場比433百萬英畝私人牧場的狀態較好。

感謝樓上忍受我的怪翻譯~~ (AA)

就大概這個意思...
簡單說,Hardin認為大家會濫用公眾牧場...但是一個研究顯示剛好跟Hardin認知相反

Q85.問如何評估此研究最有用?!
答案C考點觀念在於兩物比較時,必須在比較前狀況相同,互相比較才有意義且準確!!若是比較前狀況相同,則可以undermine Hardin的主張,反之,則不能!!

Q86.問如果題目中對於ranchers的描述正確,那麼怎樣可以有效解釋此研究結果?
答案D說明common land保存較好,也是因為符合ranchers的self-interest(題目中對於rancher行為的描述)!!

[marchmarch]

感謝liwuu，豁然開朗 (Y)

[rice123]

再請教各位大大,我一時轉不過來,那個D的選項是如何支持common land保持的較好呢?謝謝囉!

[liwuu]

再請教各位大大,我一時轉不過來,那個D的選項是如何支持common land保持的較好呢?謝謝囉!

符合ranchers的self-interest!!

[Pudding]

rachers會overuse共用地是因為有利可圖 (別人家的飯比較好吃...)

假如因為overuse而造成其成本大於所獲取的利潤 (為了搶別人一口飯吃還要先幫別人買張飯桌), 就違背了rachers圖利的目的, 大家就不會overuse了, 因而變成反而common land保持較好...

[CUGGYER]

86
(D) If one user of common land overuses it even slightly, the other users are likely to do so even more, with the consequence that the costs to each user outweigh the benefits

我覺得這句話讓我有點不能理解 而把他當作weaken選項

他說
the user of commom land overuse slightly ,the other will overuse more slightly. (希望不是我理解錯)
結論是
the costs to eacg user outweigh(超過) the benefits

題目是求common land in better condition 的合理解釋
D不會有否定結論的感覺嗎??

[2005fresh]

第一次發言,請多指教~

因為common land 的使用成本 超過 利潤,所以不會overuse,如此一來,正好能解釋common land in better condition...

[BECKY]

D 選項說...如果有人overuse一點點...下一 個人就會overuse更多
這樣一來common land 的quality就會愈來愈糟-->大家都沒好處
而因為每個rancher都知道這個道理..所以就會小心使用
這樣才使得common land 的quality比private好...
in this way, 就可以explain the result...

請指教....