[問題]GWD13-Q34~Q37

[iamdior]

Q34 to Q37:
A small number of the forest
species of lepidoptera (moths and
butterflies, which exist as caterpillars
Line during most of their life cycle) exhibit
(5) regularly recurring patterns of popu-
lation growth and decline—such
fluctuations in population are known
as population cycles. Although many
different variables influence popula-
(10) tion levels, a regular pattern such as
a population cycle seems to imply a
dominant, driving force. Identification
of that driving force, however, has
proved surprisingly elusive despite
(15) considerable research. The com-
mon approach of studying causes of
population cycles by measuring the
mortality caused by different agents,
such as predatory birds or parasites,
(20) has been unproductive in the case of
lepidoptera. Moreover, population
ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles
by changing the caterpillars’ habitat
and by reducing caterpillar popula-
(25) tions have not succeeded. In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.
Recent work suggests that this
agent may be a virus. For many
years, viral disease had been
reported in declining populations
(35) of caterpillars, but population ecolo-
gists had usually considered viral
disease to have contributed to the
decline once it was underway rather
than to have initiated it. The recent
(40) work has been made possible by
new techniques of molecular biology
that allow viral DNA to be detected
at low concentrations in the environ-
ment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses
(45) are hypothesized to be the driving
force behind population cycles in
lepidoptera in part because the
viruses themselves follow an infec-
tious cycle in which, if protected from
(50) direct sun light, they may remain
virulent for many years in the envi-
ronment, embedded in durable
crystals of polyhedrin protein.
Once ingested by a caterpillar,
(55) the crystals dissolve, releasing
the virus to infect the insect’s cells.
Late in the course of the infection,
millions of new virus particles are
formed and enclosed in polyhedrin
(60) crystals. These crystals reenter the
environment after the insect dies and
decomposes, thus becoming avail-
able to infect other caterpillars.
One of the attractions of this
(65) hypothesis is its broad applicability.
Remarkably, despite significant differ-
ences in habitat and behavior, many
species of lepidoptera have population
cycles of similar length, between eight
(70) and eleven years. Nuclear polyhe-
drosis viral infection is one factor these
disparate species share.

B--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.
B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.
C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.
D. Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.
E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.

請問這題該怎麼做呢?


Q35:
It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to

A. develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles
B. identify behavioral factors in lepidoptera that affect survival rates
C. identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth
D. provide evidence that lepidoptera populations are self-regulating
E. determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest

請問如何選出A
C錯在哪呢?

[agk99]

試用大衛閱讀法後，班門弄斧一番

Q34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.
B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.
C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.
D. Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.
E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.

25-30行

In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.

A無關，25-30行是探討 lepidoptera與predator或其他agent的關係，與predator的多寡無關
B對，主要是透過一個前所未有的方式改變moth的棲息地，竟然可以改變moth的數量，顯示影響數量的不只agent, predator還有別法，weaken作者的論點。
C，這些病毒若是在這些天敵身上，並不能直接指出moth與butterfly不會另外受到病毒攻擊
D 連weather 都出來了，可以畫掉吧?
E 題目並未點出大族群或是小族群的問題，無關

[agk99]

Q35:
It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to

A. develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles
B. identify behavioral factors in lepidoptera that affect survival rates
C. identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth
D. provide evidence that lepidoptera populations are self-regulating
E. determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest

請迪奧小姐對照到第十三行就可以看到，講到mortality之前就是在講driving force，就是找影響 lepidoptera 的原因，所以選A

C的理由有二，一是文章己經說過無法人為控制這個族群的數量(21-25行)，二是不只growth，還有reduction，見第24行

[clelia]

我還是想不透#34題

In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.

我怎麼覺得作者的意思是說，insect population受到比較相關聯的agent影響比predatory birds or parasites更多。??

而#34
Q34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.

就像agk大哥說的，有一個新的研究方法裡，棲息地的改變影影響了population cycle。(而不是predatory影響了)看不出來是weaken。><怎麼覺得跟作者是呈同方向的論點啊....

[魚]

我還是想不透#34題

In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.

我怎麼覺得作者的意思是說，insect population受到比較相關聯的agent影響比predatory birds or parasites更多。??

而#34
Q34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.

就像agk大哥說的，有一個新的研究方法裡，棲息地的改變影影響了population cycle。(而不是predatory影響了)看不出來是weaken。><怎麼覺得跟作者是呈同方向的論點啊....

段落大意
rearch for recurring patterns of population growth and decline & knon that there are variables influence !!

for old =>
1.The common approach is measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites
2. another way is to change the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations =>殘念 ! 失敗エペ
for new => "virus" may be the "right"agent.

看到這裡就沒看了 (後面恕不負責 )

題目說要weaken25-30 2 ソ conclution : 兩種方法都失敗
(B)B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles

CR的說法是他因文果
徐老師的方法 請看BF的keywords

FYI

[clelia]

for old =>
1.The common approach is measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites
2. another way is to change the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations =>殘念 ! 失敗エペ

所以weaken的方法是表明，
其實舊方法裡有一些沒有注意到的地方，而新實驗証實舊方法裡的變數會影響population cycle。
明白了。3Q3Q~~

[kigosam]

感謝∼

看的很久

終於會了

[小晃兄]

試用大衛閱讀法後，班門弄斧一番

Q34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.
B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.
C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.
D. Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.
E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.

25-30行

In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.

我認為本題答案應是A
作者根據改變棲息地並無減少毛毛蟲數量而主張環境不是主因，<<文因導致無文果>>要weaken
(a)提出其它原因<<天敵減少>>導致無文果
(b)hypathesis(theory)不可有例外，所以就算b成立，文章也己經指出一個毛毛蟲數量不會減少的實驗

[世界和平]

我認為本題答案應是A :laugh
作者根據改變棲息地並無減少毛毛蟲數量而主張環境不是主因，<<文因導致無文果>>要weaken
(a)提出其它原因<<天敵減少>>導致無文果
(b)hypathesis(theory)不可有例外，所以就算b成立，文章也己經指出一個毛毛蟲數量不會減少的實驗

Dear 小晃兄,

借用魚大大的說明:
由25-30，author認為以下兩種皆不為影響population cycle的主因。
1.The common approach is measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites
2. another way is to change the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations

所以要weaken就對這兩點下手，說明其中任一點是會影響population cycle即可。

-A選項:說明birds與parasites減少=>資訊不足，無法說明如何影響population cycle。
-B選項:新實驗說明環境會影響population cycle喔！(weaken No.2 above)

歡迎討論。

[小晃兄]

謝謝你詳細的說明，我再研究看看 ^ ^

[cocaine]

population ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles
by changing the caterpillars’ habitat
and by reducing caterpillar popula-
(25) tions have not succeeded. In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.

專家想去改變蟲的棲息地,已減少蟲子的數量,可是實驗卻失敗.
總結出,這些蟲子,假如不是自我調節,那可能就是其他agent影響而不是鳥類或寄生蟲.

改變棲息地實驗失敗-->推出是其他agent影響蟲子數量.

Q34.
A.只是說最近鳥類跟寄生蟲數量問題.無關選項.
B.實驗成功在其他未開發地-->減少蟲子數量.--->是鳥類跟寄生蟲為主因
weaken 是其他agent影響蟲子數量.

[mandy-lo]

GWD-13-Q37

整篇看完還是有點模模糊糊的????真…….挫折!!
希望哪位大牛能使用大衛閱讀法帶讀一次…或者提供背景知識…

我想請問一下GWD-13-Q37:
According to the passage, before the discovery of new techniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viral diseases

A. were not widely prevalent among insect populations generally
B. affected only the caterpillar life stage of lepidoptera
C. were the driving force behind lepidoptera population cycles
D. attacked already declining caterpillar populations
E. infected birds and parasites that prey on various species of lepidoptera

這裡的定位是在L31~39這段嗎？
Recent work suggests that this
agent may be a virus. For many
years, viral disease had been
reported in declining populations
(35) of caterpillars, but population ecolo-
gists had usually considered viral
disease to have contributed to the
decline once it was underway rather
than to have initiated it. The recent….

我當時看到attack就把它給刪了,
因為contribute to不是有”有助於或促進”的意思,
於是我將它解讀成viral disease被看作有助於decline
而D選與我的想法相左,於是就把它給刪了……
>_< 請問這題該怎麼做呢?

[davidlee0222]

被點名了
見死不救大概會遭天譴
明天解一下
今天有點晚了還要弄實習

[davidlee0222]

輕功水上飄核心概念是階層式分解語句結構
需要先破解關代與分辭從屬結構的補述概念
而後便能解構出語句與段落間的階層關係

小弟去年底念case寫報告時無意間發明最新完整版閱讀法
暫命名為"GPS地形閱讀法"
簡單講就像從衛星空照地形圖
會看到台灣北部為盆地地形而中部有中央山脈隆起形狀
閱讀文章時每句組成的意義就像各種山脈盆地等地形
各段落間會成為類似台灣北部盆地 中部山脈 南部平原等等又有些零星外島
整篇文章就是個台灣全島地形圖
因此除了基本的輕功水上飄閱讀法拆解各句中的階層意義後
再配合GPS將地形的連貫關係連結出來
就會知道段落意義與關係
本篇文章可以稍作示範
有了這種閱讀法就不會需要回文定位
因為一次就看懂

紅字為第一層主軸的關鍵字,動詞用粗體,關鍵名詞畫底線,沒標的只是形容詞
藍字為第二層結構補述第一層主軸
綠字為第三層補述第二層
若有第四層則用紫色
關鍵轉折語用斜體

Q34 to Q37:
A small numberof the forest
species of lepidoptera (moths and
butterflies, which exist as caterpillars
Line during most of their life cycle) exhibit
(5) regularly recurring patterns of popu-
lation growth and decline—such
fluctuations in population are known
as population cycles. Although many
different variables influence popula-
(10) tion levels, a regular pattern such as
a population cycle seems to imply a
dominant, driving force. Identification
of that driving force, however, has
proved surprisingly elusive despite
(15) considerable research. The com-
mon approach of studying causes of
population cycles by measuring the
mortality caused by different agents,
such as predatory birds or parasites,
(20) has been unproductive in the case of
lepidoptera. Moreover, population
ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles
by changing the caterpillars’ habitat
and by reducing caterpillar popula-
(25) tions have not succeeded. In short,
the evidence implies that these insect
populations, if not self-regulating, may
at least be regulated by an agent more
intimately connected with the insect than
(30) are predatory birds or parasites.
Recent work suggests that this
agent may be a virus. For many
years, viral disease had been
reported in declining populations
(35) of caterpillars, but population ecolo-
gists had usually considered viral
disease to have contributed to the
decline once it was underway rather
than to have initiated it. The recent
(40) work has been made possible by
new techniques of molecular biology
that allow viral DNA to be detected
at low concentrations in the environ-
ment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses
(45) are hypothesized to be the driving
force behind population cycles in
lepidoptera in part because the
viruses themselves follow an infec-
tious cycle in which, if protected from
(50) direct sun light, they may remain
virulent for many years in the envi-
ronment, embedded in durable
crystals of polyhedrin protein.
Once ingested by a caterpillar,
(55) the crystals dissolve, releasing
the virus to infect the insect’s cells.
Late in the course of the infection,
millions of new virus particles are
formed and enclosed in polyhedrin
(60) crystals. These crystals reenter the
environment after the insect dies and
decomposes, thus becoming avail-
able to infect other caterpillars.
One of the attractions of this
(65) hypothesis is its broad applicability.
Remarkably, despite significant differ-
ences in habitat and behavior, many
species of lepidoptera have population
cycles of similar length, between eight
(70) and eleven years. Nuclear polyhe-
drosis viral infection is one factor these
disparate species share.

B--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.
B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.
C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.
D. Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.
E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.

請問這題該怎麼做呢?


Q35:
It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to

A. develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles
B. identify behavioral factors in lepidoptera that affect survival rates
C. identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth
D. provide evidence that lepidoptera populations are self-regulating
E. determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest

請問如何選出A
C錯在哪呢?

[csc]

哇塞，大衛閱讀法又進階囉，變成GPS地形閱讀法，太強了
不過建議改名叫GPS衛星導讀法應該更炫一點吧
我是來亂的