[討論]OG passage38-social

[游客]

Passage 38
During the nineteenth-century, occupational information about women that was provided by the
United States census-- a population count conducted each decade-- became more detailed and precise
in response to social changes. Through 1840(1840以後), simple enumeration(舉例) by household mirrored(=reflect) a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household(家族) (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories(=kind), including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

總結:開頭說明19世紀的普查已經more detail and precise,作者緊接講到1840年代的普查情形

*時間點變化及關聯性 1.During the nineteenth-century census became more detailed and precise
2. Through 1840(1840以後), simple enumeration by household mirrored(=reflect) a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order
*作者的對某些事情態度,
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 1. in response to social changes=> simple enumeration =>a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order
2. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 simple enumeration=> the head of the household(家族) (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories.
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*不同理論的相異點跟相同點
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 Through 1840(1840以後), simple enumeration(舉例) by household mirrored(=reflect) a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order
其他 1. an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals
2. occupational categories


The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery(反奴) and women’s rights movements, initiated the
collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870was
occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent(=superviser) reported 1.8 million
women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.” In addition, he
arbitrarily(矛盾) attributed(歸因) to each family one woman “keeping house.” Overlap(重疊) between the two groups(work outside and keeping house)
was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social
issues arising from industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to
press(=demand) for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.

總結:Between 1850 and 1890, social change lead to adjustment of census method
*時間點變化及關聯性 1850:antislavery(反奴) and women’s rights movements=>individual
1870: employed outside=> analyzed by gender
1890: industrialization=> women’s advocates and women statisticians
*作者的對某些事情態度,
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to press(=demand) for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.
*注意指示代名詞的指稱 the two groups(work outside and keeping house)
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*不同理論的相異點跟相同點
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
其他



236. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain and critique() the methods used by early statisticians
(B) compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one
(C) describe and explain a historical change
(D) discuss historical opposition(=rejection) to an established institution
(E) trace the origin of a contemproary cotroversy
237. Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States censuses is mentioned in
the passage EXCEPT the
(A) year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender(1870)
(B) year in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the
head of the household(after 1850)
(C) year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping
hosue was first calculated(1890)
(D) way in which the 1890 census measured women’s income levels and eductional
backgrounds
(E) way in which household members were counted in the 1840 census
238. It can be inferred from the passage that the 1840 United States census provided a count of
which of the following?1840不分gender
(A) Women who worked exclusively(排他的) in the home(1850)
(B) People engaged in nonfarming occupations
(C) People engaged in social movements(1850)
(D) Women engaged in family-run enterprises(1870)
(E) Men engaged in agriculture(1870)
239. The author uses the adjective “simple” in line 5 most probably to emphasize that the
(A) collection of census inofrmation became progressively more difficult throughout the
nineteenth-century
(B) technology for tabulating census information was rudimentary during the first half of the
nineteenth century
(C) home-based agricultural economy of the early nineteenth century was easier to analyze
than the later industrial economy
(D) economic role of women was better defined in the early nineteenth century than in the late
nienteent century
(E) information collected by early-nineteen-century censuses was limited in its amount of detail
240. The passage suggests which of the following about the “women’s advocates and women
statisticians” mentioned in lines 27-28?
(A) They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for women who worked in the home.
(B) They believed that previous census information was inadequate and did not reflect certain
economic changes in the United States.
(C) They had begun to press for changes in census-taking methods as part of their
participation in the antislavery movement.
(D) They thought that census statistics about women would be more accurate if more women
were employed as census officials.
(E) They had conducted independent studies that disputed the official statistics provided by
previosu United States censuses.

*時間點變化及關聯性 237,238
*作者的對某些事情態度, 239
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*不同理論的相異點跟相同點
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
其他

[bugubugu]

237. Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States censuses is mentioned in
the passage EXCEPT the
(A) year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender(1870)
(B) year in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the
head of the household(after 1850)
(C) year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping
hosue was first calculated(1890)
(D) way in which the 1890 census measured women’s income levels and eductional
backgrounds
(E) way in which household members were counted in the 1840 census

我看了OG後面的解釋...
(A)應該是1890年才開始分的...

[ustoday]

A 式1970 年沒錯

[ustoday]

不好意思 想問一個蠢問題
The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery(反奴) and women’s rights movements, initiated the
collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870was
occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent(=superviser) reported 1.8 million
women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.” In addition, he
arbitrarily(矛盾) attributed(歸因) to each family one woman “keeping house.” Overlap(重疊) between the two groups(work outside and keeping house)
was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social
issues arising from industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to
press(=demand) for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.

這裡he 指誰啊 ~

[soaringally]

the census superintendent(=superviser) reported 1.8 million
women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.”

這裡he 指誰啊 ~[/quote]

he=superintendent(superviser) 就是負責這個CENSUS的主管機關的負責人

[ustoday]

謝謝soaringally

[Ivan]

238. It can be inferred from the passage that the 1840 United States census provided a count of which of the following?
(A) Women who worked exclusively in the home
(B) People engaged in nonfarming occupations
(C) People engaged in social movements
(D) Women engaged in family-run enterprises
(E) Men engaged in agriculture


My answer is (D)....but the correct is (B).....why? Thanks

[ergh]

(A) Women who worked exclusively(排他的) in the home(1890)
(B) People engaged in nonfarming occupations（1840）
(C) People engaged in social movements(1850)
(D) Women engaged in family-run enterprises(1870)
(E) Men engaged in agriculture(1870)

OG的解釋已經很清楚囉～～看看吧
Since this question asks for an inference, the answer is not directly stated in the passage; it must instead be derived from the information given. This question depends on a careful review of lines 5-15, which state that the 1840 census counted the head of the household as an individual, and that it counted everyone else in the household by categories, including occupational categories. Thus it is reasonable to infer that the 1840 census provided an overall count of people engaged in occupations, both farming and nonfarming.

A Lines 24-29 reveal that a count of women who worked exclusively at home was not made until 1890.
B Correct. The 1840 census categorized household members by occupation, so it would have provided a count of people working in nonfarming occupations.
C The 1840 census counted households by occupations, not by participation in social movements.
DLines 19-20 show that occupational categories were not analyzed by gender until 1870.
EOccupations were analyzed by gender only in 1870 (lines 19-20).