OG48-35(social)美國原住民及墨西哥人

[agk99]

Passage 35 (general to specific)(social)

Two divergent(分叉) definitions have dominated sociologists’ discussions of the nature of ethnicity(種族地位). The first emphasizes the primordial(原始的) and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry(世系) and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither (no one) fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States. Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal(全體共用的) bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.
In the 1st paragraph, the Arthur suggests two different ways to view ethnicity. One emphasizes the primordial features; people have essential need to belong a group; a different concept de-emphasize the cultural and ancestry value....

One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked (cause) increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another.
In the 2nd Paragraph, the author presents an example, that Native American tried to broad their political activities. CRM leads native people to participate more political activities and cause lots of people to research history and traditional culture. The author also makes a conclusion that cultural and instrumental factors are reinforce one another.

(承接) The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents (動員組織成員). Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model (以誰做為榜樣) for Mexican Americans in their fight for contemporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently(一樣熱情) as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States
第三段，考點最多，請注意

[agk99]

10分鐘又18秒看完且做完題目
感覺是，考試時大概這就是最難的題目了

[agk99]

218. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
(A) In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power
of the primordial human need to belong.
(B) Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with
shared political and economic interests.
(C) In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in
order to further their political and economic interests.
(D) Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights
movement.
(E) The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are　incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.
(主題類型題)由於二三段都是例子，回答主題類型必是由第一段找答案，看到這是討論單一事件兩種觀點，就是選B

219. Which is the following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage?
(A) One is supported primarily by sociologists, and the other is favored by members of ethnic groups.
(B) One emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity, and the other focuses on the economic aspects.
(C) One is the result of analysis of United States populations, and the other is the result of analysis of European populations.
(D) One focuses more on the ancestral components of ethnicity than does the other.
(E) One focuses more on immigrant groups than does the other.

細節題，抓住第一段，找關鍵字，如culture, ancestral, enthnicity選出D不是問題

220. The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of
(A) the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need.
(B) how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity
(C) how the Civil Rights movement can help promote solidarity among United States ethnic groups
(D) how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group’s economic situation
(E) the benefits gained from renewed study of ethnic history and culture

細節題，往第二段找，你可以發現就是關鍵字political issues...總不會選D吧，所以答案是B

221. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American community?
(A) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic group in the United States into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.
(B) In the 1960’s Mexican American community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in order to effect economic change
(C) In the 1960’s leader of the Mexican American community concentrated their efforts on promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture
(D) In the 1960’s members of the Mexican American community were becoming increasingly concerned about the issue of voting rights.
(E) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community had greater success in mobilizing constituents than did other ethnic groups in the United States.

細節題，直接定位，32行，voting right..選D
222. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage?
(A) The retelling of traditional narratives
(B) The wearing of traditional clothing
(C) The playing of traditional music
(D) The celebration of traditional holidays
(E) The preparation of traditional cuisine

定位回42行，選D
223. Information in the passage supports which of the following statements about many European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States?
(A) They emphasized economic interests as a way of mobilizing constituents behind certain issues.
(B) They conceived of their own ethnicity as being primordial in nature.
(C) They created cultural traditions that fused United States symbols with those of their countries of origin.
(D) They de-emphasized the cultural components of their communities in favor of political interests.
(E) They organized formal community groups designed to promote a renaissance of ethnic history and culture.

最後一段最後一行，選C

224. The passage suggests that in 1968 Henry Cisneros most likely believed that
(A) many Mexican American would respond positively to the example of Benito Juarez.
(B) many Mexican American were insufficiently educated in Mexican history
(C) the fight for civil fights in the United States had many strong parallels in both Mexican and rish history.
(D) the quickest way of organizing community-based groups was to emulate the tactics of Benito Juarez
(E) Mexican Americans should emulate the strategies of Native American political leaders.

39行，考換字，認為某人是典範，就是positive

[撥撥]

Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.

小弟我看這句話時，覺得結構好奇怪，且實在是抓不出它的重點，但卻又感覺它包含了很多重點。
想請大大們教教我應該怎麼看這句話呢？

[davidslin]

Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.

小弟我看這句話時，覺得結構好奇怪，且實在是抓不出它的重點，但卻又感覺它包含了很多重點。
想請大大們教教我應該怎麼看這句話呢？

process,(communal bonds,common cultural attributes),instrumental purposes,changing real-life situations
重點應該就是這幾個字
主要是說 種族淵源是一個作為手段的過程(包含communal bonds以及common cultural attributes)為了要改善現實生活的地位

其實在看快一點 可以直接用process,changing real-life situations
讀成[是一個為了改變現實生活地位的過程]
過程內容communal bonds以及common cultural attributes只要抓到communal跟cultural就好 詳細內容有時間在看(遇到題目需要時)

我是這樣看的啦 不足處其他高手在補充吧

[chocola]

我花了14分鐘看完加做完題目耶
是不是心裡有時間壓力
加上一直想著那些要看那些不要看
反而看的更慢呢?
不知道大家都怎麼練功的
一下子做很多篇去抓感覺嗎?